B - Concepts and Principles

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Anything an organism does
Behavior includes actions that change the environment in some way
Ex. Talking, eating, writing, reading

Question 2

Dead Man’s Test

Answer 2

If a dead man could do it, it isn’t behavior

Question 3

Pivotal Behaviors

Answer 3

Behaviors that lead to new, untrained behaviors
Ex. Functional communication training, joint attention

Question 4

Behavior Cusps

Answer 4

Behaviors that allow the learner to contact new reinforcers or additional
parts of the environment.
Ex. Reading, learning to use transportation

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

A single instance of a behavior

Question 6

Response Class

Answer 6

A group or set of responses that serve the same function/same impact on
environment

Question 7

Stimulus

Answer 7

A change in the environment that evokes a functional reaction

Question 8

Stimulus Class

Answer 8

A group or set of stimuli that share similar characteristics
1. Physical/Formal/Feature
2. Functional
3. Temporal
4. Arbitrary

Question 9

Stimulus Class: Physical

Answer 9

Looks or sounds the same

Question 10

Stimulus Class: Functional

Answer 10

Effect behavior the same way

Ex. Stimuli that make you stop (stop sign,
holding you hand up to signal “stop,” saying “stop.”

Question 11

Stimulus Class: Temporal

Answer 11

When the stimulus occurs in relation to a behavior
Ex. Antecedents to the same behavior

Question 12

Stimulus Class: Arbitrary

Answer 12

Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response, but do not resemble each other

Question 13

Probing

Answer 13

Asking a client to perform a task to assess whether they can perform the task.

Question 14

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 14

A neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned (US) or conditioned
stimulus (CS) and acquires the properties of that stimulus needed to elicit behavior

Question 15

Operant Conditioning

Answer 15

Consequences effect the future probability of a behavior occurring or not
occurring

Reinforcement and punishment
Stimulus-Response-Stimulus (S-R-S)
Evokes a Response

Ex. You call your mom on Sunday. She picks up the phone. You now call your mom every Sunday

Question 16

Positive reinforcement

Answer 16

Positive reinforcement is a stimulus presented following a response or behavior that will increase or maintain that response

Question 17

Negative reinforcement

Answer 17

Negative reinforcement is a stimulus removed following a response that will increase or maintain that response

Question 18

Contingency

Answer 18

If-then statement

Question 19

Automaticity

Answer 19

Behavior is modified by consequences whether the person is aware of the
Consequence or not

Question 20

Automatic

Answer 20

Produce consequences without needing another individual to change the
environment.
Ex. Sensory/automatic function of behavior

Question 21

Socially Mediated

Answer 21

The consequence is delivered through another individual
Ex. A teacher rewarding a student, a parent punishing their child

Question 22

Describe the four types of Operant Extinction

Answer 22

Extinction - reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued

Extinction burst - – a predictable, temporary increase in the intensity of bx during extinction

Spontaneous Recovery - A sudden reemergence of a previously extinct behavior

Response Blocking - Reinforcement is physically blocked

Question 23

Stimulus Control

Answer 23

Behaviors and responses occur or don’t occur only in the presence, or more often or less often
in the presence, of a stimulus
Ex. Whenever your college friend comes in town, you tend to drink and party more
Ex. You stop at red lights, and accelerate for green lights

Question 24

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 24

The same response is evoked by multiple similar stimuli
Or
The same response occurs across
Ex. A child screams when he sees a white rat and also screams when he sees stuffed animals

Question 25

Response Generalization

Answer 25

Multiple Responses to One Stimulus.

When a person performs a variety of functional responses in the presence
of the same stimuli

Question 26

Ways to mediate generalization and maintenance

Answer 26

1. Multiple settings, people, and stimuli in a natural context
2. Use a variety of reinforcement schedules
3. Teach self-management to the client
4. Reinforce generalization when it happens

Question 27

Motivating operation

Answer 27

Alters the value
1. Of a consequence (effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher) or
2. Frequency of behavior that has been reinforced in the past by that consequence

Question 28

Motivating Operations: Value Altering Effect

Answer 28

Establishing Operation

Abolishing Operation