B + B exam part C content Flashcards
What is instrumental learning?
A type of learning in which behaviour is modified by it’s outcomes
What is the law of effect in instrumental learning?
when the situation (S) and the response (R) is either strengthened or weakened by satisfaction or discomfort depending on the outcome
State one way in which we can study instrumental learning
Skinner box
What is meant by positive and negative when talking about reinforcement?
Positive = adding something
Negative = Taking it away
What did Tolman (1932) suggest behaviour was?
goal orientated, believing that we focus on the outcome more than the behaviour itself
How can Pavlovian conditioning be used to treat phobias?
By attempting to severe the conditioned stimulus to the conditioned response
What are two types of exposure therapies?
Flooding
Immersion therapy
Define categorisation in psychology
When a group of objects provokes the same response
What are the three theories of categorisation learning?
Feature
Exemplar
Prototype
What is feature based categorisation?
Stimulus is presented as a set of specific features which allows others to identify it
What test by Cerella. J (1986) supports feature categorisation?
Famous cartoon characters were scrambled up but were still able to be identified
What is exemplar categorisation?
Animals store examples of specific items based on previous encounters/training
What is prototype categorisation?
Animals learn a prototype of a certain stimulus, the similarity to which determines the outcome
How did Jitsumori (1996) investigate prototype categorisation?
Trained birds to recognise butterflies based on “typical features”
What was Jitsumori findings regarding prototype categorisation?
The more typical the butterfly the more easy it was for the birds to recognise and respond to it
