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Anatomy & Physiology > Axial Skeleton - Spine > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton - Spine Flashcards

0
Q

cornua

A

hyoid horns (two pairs - greater, lesser)

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1
Q

hyoid

A

throat above the larynx, point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles. only bone that does not articulate with any other bone. horns = cornua

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2
Q

vertebral column

A 
24 vertebrae + 2 fused bones (sacrum + coccyx)
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
separated by intervertebral discs
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3
Q

intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus (fluid), anulus fibrosus (fibrous ring)

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4
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous/fluid interior of intervertebral disc, provides cushioning.

herniated disc - anulus fibrosus ruptures, nucleus pulposus protrudes through

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5
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

intervertebral disc - outer ring of encircling collagen fibers that stabilizes the disc and contains pulposus

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6
Q

primary curvatures

A

thoracic and sacral curves, present at birth

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7
Q

secondary curvatures

A

cervical (when baby holds up head) and lumbar (when baby begins to walk)

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8
Q

body, centrum

A

rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

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9
Q

vertebral arch

A

composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

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10
Q

pedicles

A

“pedestals” of the “house” formed by the vertebral arch

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11
Q

lamina/e

A

“roof” of the “house” formed by the vertebral arch

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12
Q

spinous process

A

single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

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13
Q

vertebral (spinal) foramen

A

opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; passageway for the spinal cord

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14
Q

transverse processes

A

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.

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15
Q

superior and inferior articular processes

A

paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae

superior articular processes - face toward spinous process (posteriorly)

inferior articular processes - face toward the spinous process

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16
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

the right and left pedicles have notches on inferior and superior surfaces that create these openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae

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17
Q

atlas

A

C1 - lacks a body, lateral processes contain large concave depressions on superior surfaces that receive occipital condyles of the skull –> enables nodding (gliding joint)

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18
Q

axis

A

C2 - acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas + skull. Bears a large vertical process (dens/odontoid process) that serves as pivot point.
Articulation between C1/C2 allows rotating head (“shaking no”)

19
Q

dens/odontoid process

A

axis - cervical spine - pivot point for atlas rotating

20
Q

cervical vertebrae (esp C3-C7)

A

“anteater” - smallest, lightest vertebrae, vertebral foramen is triangular. spinous process short, bifurcated (two branches). transverse processes are wide, contain FORAMINA through which vertebral arteries pass en route to brain

21
Q

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

A

“giraffe” - larger body than cervical, heart-shaped. two small articulating surfaces–COSTAL FACETS–on each side (superior and inferior) close to origin of vertebral arch. vertebral foramen is oval/round, spinous process is long with sharp downward hook (closer to lumbar, less hook). articular facets articulate with tubercles of ribs. only vertebrae to articulate with ribs

22
Q

transverse foramen

A

cervical spine - in transverse process, vertebral arteries pass through en route to brain

23
Q

costal facets (costal demifacets)

A

thoracic - two small articulating surfaces on each side of thoracic vertebra (one superior, one inferior) close to origin of vertebral arch. articulate with heads of corresponding ribs.

superior costal facet - articulates with head of rib above
inferior costal facet - articulates with head of rib below

transverse costal facet - articulates with tubercle of rib

24
Q

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

A

“moose” - massive block-like bodies and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. sturdiest vertebrae.

superior articular facets face posteromedially. inferior articular facets face anterolaterally. reduce mobility of lumbar region of spine.

spinal cord ends at superior edge of L2, but outer covering of cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, extends. lumbar puncture = done L3-L5, where little/no chance of injuring spinal cord

25
Q

sacrum

A

composite bone formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae. superiorly articulates with L5, inferiorly with coccyx. concave anteriorly and forms posterior border of pelvis.

median sacral crest
alae
lines of fusion
sacral foramina
sacral canal
sacral hiatus
sacral promontory
26
Q

median sacral crest

A

sacrum - remnant of spinous process of fused vertebrae

27
Q

alae

A

sacrum - winglike projections, formed by fusion of transverse processes, articulate laterall with hip bones.

28
Q

lines of fusion / sacral foramina / sacral promontory

A

four ridges that cross the anterior part of the sacrum

located at either end of lines of fusion, allow blood vessels and nerves to pass.

anterior body of S1, important obstetric landmark

29
Q

sacral canal / sacral hiatus

A

continuation of the vertebral canal inside the sacrum, terminates near coccyx via sacral hiatus (enlarged opening)

30
Q

coccyx

A

formed from fusion of 3-5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. human tailbone, vestigal strux. attached to sacrum by ligaments

31
Q

thoracic cage

A

bony thorax (sternum + ribs+ thoracic vertebrae) + costal cartilages. cone-shaped, cagelike structure, protects organs of thoracic cavity incl. heart and lungs

32
Q

sternum

A

flat bone, result of 3 fused bones: manubrium + body + xiphoid process. attached to 7 pairs of ribs

landmarks: jugular notch
sternal angle
xiphisternal joint

33
Q

manubrium

A

superiormost, like “knot of a tie.” articulates with clavicle, laterally

34
Q

body of sternum

A

forms bulk of sternum

35
Q

xiphoid process

A

constructs inferior end of sternum, lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space. made of hyaline in children, bone in adults.

36
Q

jugular notch

A

concave upper portion of manubrium, easily palpated. level of T3 vertebra

37
Q

sternal angle

A

result of manubrium and body meeting at slight angle to each other, so transverse ridge is formed at level of second ribs (handy for counting ribs–> finding intercostal space)

38
Q

xiphisternal joint

A

point where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse, lies at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebra

39
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs, form walls of thoracic cage. articulate posteriorly with vertebral column via their heads and tubercles, then curve downward toward anterior body surface.

first 7: true/vertebrosternal ribs
next 5: false ribs
(8-10: vertebrochondral ribs
11-12: floating/vertebral ribs)

40
Q

true/vertebrosternal ribs

A

first 7 ribs, attach directly to the sternum by their “own” costal cartilages

41
Q

false/vertebrochondral ribs

A

T8-T10 - have indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7

42
Q

floating/vertebral ribs

A

(also false) T11-T12 - no sternal attachment

43
Q

angle of rib

A

curve of rib

44
Q

costal groove

A

inferior side of rib

45
Q

head of rib

A

articulates with superior costal facet of vertebra

46
Q

tubercle of rib

A

articulates with transverse costal facet

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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