Axial Skeleton - Spine

Question 0

cornua

Answer 0

hyoid horns (two pairs - greater, lesser)

Question 1

hyoid

Answer 1

throat above the larynx, point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles. only bone that does not articulate with any other bone. horns = cornua

Question 2

vertebral column

Answer 2

24 vertebrae + 2 fused bones (sacrum + coccyx)
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
separated by intervertebral discs

Question 3

intervertebral disc

Answer 3

nucleus pulposus (fluid), anulus fibrosus (fibrous ring)

Question 4

nucleus pulposus

Answer 4

gelatinous/fluid interior of intervertebral disc, provides cushioning.

herniated disc - anulus fibrosus ruptures, nucleus pulposus protrudes through

Question 5

anulus fibrosus

Answer 5

intervertebral disc - outer ring of encircling collagen fibers that stabilizes the disc and contains pulposus

Question 6

primary curvatures

Answer 6

thoracic and sacral curves, present at birth

Question 7

secondary curvatures

Answer 7

cervical (when baby holds up head) and lumbar (when baby begins to walk)

Question 8

body, centrum

Answer 8

rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

Question 9

vertebral arch

Answer 9

composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

Question 10

pedicles

Answer 10

“pedestals” of the “house” formed by the vertebral arch

Question 11

lamina/e

Answer 11

“roof” of the “house” formed by the vertebral arch

Question 12

spinous process

Answer 12

single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Question 13

vertebral (spinal) foramen

Answer 13

opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; passageway for the spinal cord

Question 14

transverse processes

Answer 14

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.

Question 15

superior and inferior articular processes

Answer 15

paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae

superior articular processes - face toward spinous process (posteriorly)

inferior articular processes - face toward the spinous process

Question 16

intervertebral foramina

Answer 16

the right and left pedicles have notches on inferior and superior surfaces that create these openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae

Question 17

atlas

Answer 17

C1 - lacks a body, lateral processes contain large concave depressions on superior surfaces that receive occipital condyles of the skull –> enables nodding (gliding joint)

Question 18

axis

Answer 18

C2 - acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas + skull. Bears a large vertical process (dens/odontoid process) that serves as pivot point.
Articulation between C1/C2 allows rotating head (“shaking no”)

Question 19

dens/odontoid process

Answer 19

axis - cervical spine - pivot point for atlas rotating

Question 20

cervical vertebrae (esp C3-C7)

Answer 20

“anteater” - smallest, lightest vertebrae, vertebral foramen is triangular. spinous process short, bifurcated (two branches). transverse processes are wide, contain FORAMINA through which vertebral arteries pass en route to brain

Question 21

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

Answer 21

“giraffe” - larger body than cervical, heart-shaped. two small articulating surfaces–COSTAL FACETS–on each side (superior and inferior) close to origin of vertebral arch. vertebral foramen is oval/round, spinous process is long with sharp downward hook (closer to lumbar, less hook). articular facets articulate with tubercles of ribs. only vertebrae to articulate with ribs

Question 22

transverse foramen

Answer 22

cervical spine - in transverse process, vertebral arteries pass through en route to brain

Question 23

costal facets (costal demifacets)

Answer 23

thoracic - two small articulating surfaces on each side of thoracic vertebra (one superior, one inferior) close to origin of vertebral arch. articulate with heads of corresponding ribs.

superior costal facet - articulates with head of rib above
inferior costal facet - articulates with head of rib below

transverse costal facet - articulates with tubercle of rib

Question 24

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

Answer 24

"moose" - massive block-like bodies and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. sturdiest vertebrae. superior articular facets face posteromedially. inferior articular facets face anterolaterally. reduce mobility of lumbar region of spine. spinal cord ends at superior edge of L2, but outer covering of cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, extends. lumbar puncture = done L3-L5, where little/no chance of injuring spinal cord

Question 25

sacrum

Answer 25

composite bone formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae. superiorly articulates with L5, inferiorly with coccyx. concave anteriorly and forms posterior border of pelvis. ``` median sacral crest alae lines of fusion sacral foramina sacral canal sacral hiatus sacral promontory ```

Question 26

median sacral crest

Answer 26

sacrum - remnant of spinous process of fused vertebrae

Question 27

alae

Answer 27

sacrum - winglike projections, formed by fusion of transverse processes, articulate laterall with hip bones.

Question 28

lines of fusion / sacral foramina / sacral promontory

Answer 28

four ridges that cross the anterior part of the sacrum located at either end of lines of fusion, allow blood vessels and nerves to pass. anterior body of S1, important obstetric landmark

Question 29

sacral canal / sacral hiatus

Answer 29

continuation of the vertebral canal inside the sacrum, terminates near coccyx via sacral hiatus (enlarged opening)

Question 30

coccyx

Answer 30

formed from fusion of 3-5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. human tailbone, vestigal strux. attached to sacrum by ligaments

Question 31

thoracic cage

Answer 31

bony thorax (sternum + ribs+ thoracic vertebrae) + costal cartilages. cone-shaped, cagelike structure, protects organs of thoracic cavity incl. heart and lungs

Question 32

sternum

Answer 32

flat bone, result of 3 fused bones: manubrium + body + xiphoid process. attached to 7 pairs of ribs landmarks: jugular notch sternal angle xiphisternal joint

Question 33

manubrium

Answer 33

superiormost, like "knot of a tie." articulates with clavicle, laterally

Question 34

body of sternum

Answer 34

forms bulk of sternum

Question 35

xiphoid process

Answer 35

constructs inferior end of sternum, lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space. made of hyaline in children, bone in adults.

Question 36

jugular notch

Answer 36

concave upper portion of manubrium, easily palpated. level of T3 vertebra

Question 37

sternal angle

Answer 37

result of manubrium and body meeting at slight angle to each other, so transverse ridge is formed at level of second ribs (handy for counting ribs--> finding intercostal space)

Question 38

xiphisternal joint

Answer 38

point where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse, lies at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebra

Question 39

ribs

Answer 39

12 pairs, form walls of thoracic cage. articulate posteriorly with vertebral column via their heads and tubercles, then curve downward toward anterior body surface. first 7: true/vertebrosternal ribs next 5: false ribs (8-10: vertebrochondral ribs 11-12: floating/vertebral ribs)

Question 40

true/vertebrosternal ribs

Answer 40

first 7 ribs, attach directly to the sternum by their "own" costal cartilages

Question 41

false/vertebrochondral ribs

Answer 41

T8-T10 - have indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7

Question 42

floating/vertebral ribs

Answer 42

(also false) T11-T12 - no sternal attachment

Question 43

angle of rib

Answer 43

curve of rib

Question 44

costal groove

Answer 44

inferior side of rib

Question 45

head of rib

Answer 45

articulates with superior costal facet of vertebra

Question 46

tubercle of rib

Answer 46

articulates with transverse costal facet