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ANATOMY 1120 > Axial Skeleton- Skull > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton- Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

A
  • The bones along the central axis of the body, which commonly divide into 3 regions.
    1. Skull
    2. Vertebral Column
    3. Thoracic Cage
  • There are 80 bones in the axial skeleton.
  • The main function of the axial skeleton is to form a - framework that supports and protects the organs
  • It also houses special sense organs and provides areas for attachment of skeletal muscles
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2
Q

What 2 types of bones make up the skull?

A
  1. Cranial bones: form the rounded cranium which completely surrounds and encloses the brain (8)
    - Provide attachment sites for several jaw, head and neck muscles
  2. Facial bones: form the face (14)
    - Protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems
    - Provide attachment sites for facial muscles
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3
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A
  • Frontal bone
  • Parietal bones 1 and 2
  • Temporal bones 1 and 2
  • Occipital bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Ethmoid bone
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4
Q

What are the 14 facial bones?

A
  • Zygomatic bones 1 and 2
  • Lacrimal bones 1 and 2
  • Nasal bones 1 and 2
  • Vomer bone
  • Inferior nasal conchae bones 1 and 2
  • Palatine bones 1 and 2
  • Maxillae bones 1 and 2
  • Mandible bone
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5
Q

What are orbits? (anterior view)

A
  • Left and right eye sockets
  • Are formed from a complex articulation of multiple skull bones
  • Superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure are 2 large openings in the orbits
  • Superior to the orbits are the superciliary arches (brow ridges)
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6
Q

What is the glabella? (anterior view)

A
  • Smooth landmark area that is superior to the left and right nasal bones and between the orbits
  • Part of the frontal bone sandwiched between superciliary arches
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7
Q

What are maxillae? (anterior view)

A
  • Left and right facial bones that form most of the upper jaw and lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity
  • Also help form the inferior floor of each orbit
  • Each inferior portion of maxillae contain alveolar processes that house the upper teeth
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8
Q

What are infraorbital foramen? (anterior view)

A
  • Within maxillae facial bones
  • Inferior to each orbit
  • Conducts blood vessels and nerves to the face
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9
Q

What is the mandible? (anterior view)

A
  • Facial bone which forms the lower jaw
  • Prominent “chin” section is called the mental protuberance
  • Supports inferior teeth and provides attachment for the muscles of mastication
  • 2 vertical-to-oblique ascending posterior regions called ramus
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10
Q

What is the anterior nasal spine? (anterior view)

A
  • Inferior border of the nasal cavity
  • Its the thin ridge of bone that subdivides the nasal cavity into left and right halves
  • Helps form the nasal septum
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11
Q

What are inferior nasal conchae? (anterior view)

A
  • Found along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

- 2 scroll-shaped bones

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12
Q

What is the coronal suture? (superior view)

A
  • The articulation between the anterior frontal bone and more posterior parietal bones
  • Extends across the superior surface of the skull along a coronal plane
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13
Q

What is the sagittal suture? (superior view)

A
  • Extends between the superior mid-lines of the coronal and lambdoid sutures
  • The midline of the cranium
  • Articulation between the right and left parietal bones
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14
Q

What is the parietal foramen/ parietal foramina? (superior view)

A
  • Along the posterior 1/3 of the sagittal suture
  • Either single or paired (number can vary between left and right sides)
  • Conduct tiny emissary veins from the veins of the brain to the veins of the scalp
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15
Q

What is the lambdoid suture? (superior view)

A
  • Extends like an arc across the posterior surface of the skull
  • Articulates the parietal bones and the occipital bone
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16
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance? (posterior view)

A
  • Bump on the back of the head

- Size varies based on genetics and hormonal sex

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17
Q

What are the lacrimal bones? (lateral view)

A
  • Articulates with the nasal bone anteriorly and with the ethmoid bone posteriorly
  • Part of the medial wall of each orbit
  • Lacrimal groove is a small depressed inferior opening that provides a passageway for the nasolacrimal duct (drains tears into the nasal cavity)
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18
Q

What is the sphenoid bone? (lateral view)

A
  • A portion articulates with the frontal, parietal and temporal bones
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19
Q

What is the pterion region? (lateral view)

A
  • The ‘H’ shaped set of sutures of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone
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20
Q

What is the zygomatic arch? (lateral view)

A
  • Where the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone fuse to form the bony prominences of your cheeks
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21
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint? (lateral view)

A
  • The articulation point of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
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22
Q

What is the mastoid process? (lateral view)

A
  • Posterior to your external acoustic meatus of the skull (underneath the external ear opening)
  • The bump you feel posterior to your ear lobe
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23
Q

What is the cranial cavity? (sagittal sectional view)

A
  • Formed from a complex articulation of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
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24
Q

What is the frontal sinus? (sagittal sectional view)

A
  • A vessel impression on the internal surface of the cranial cavity
  • This visible space is found in the frontal bone
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25
Q

What is the sphenoid sinus? (sagittal sectional view)

A
  • A vessel impression on the internal surface of the cranial cavity
  • This visible space is found in the sphenoid bone
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26
Q

What is the nasal septum? (sagittal sectional view)

A
  • Made up of the perpendicular plate (superior) of the ethmoid bone and the vomer (inferior)
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27
Q

What is the hard palate? (sagittal sectional view)

A
  • Maxillae and palatine bones form it

- Acts as both the floor of the nasal cavity and part of the roof of the mouth

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28
Q

What is the pterygoid processes? (inferior view)

A
  • On the posterior aspect of either side of the hard palate
  • Sphenoid bone processes
  • Vertical projections that begin at the boundary between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
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29
Q

What are choanae? (inferior view)

A
  • Adjacent to pterygoid processes

- Internal openings of the nasal cavity

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30
Q

What are the foramen ovale? (inferior view)

A
  • Closest foramina to the pterygoid processes
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31
Q

What are foramen spinosum? (inferior view)

A
  • Posterior and lateral to foramen ovale

- Slightly smaller foramina

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32
Q

What is the jugular foramen? (inferior view)

A
  • Posterior and lateral to foramen spinosum and foramen ovale
  • The “throat” foramen in the space between temporal and occipital bones
  • Jugular notch is the part of the occipital bone that helps form the jugular foramen
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33
Q

What is the largest foramen? (inferior view)

A
  • Literally means “big hole”

- Through this opening, the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity and becomes continuous with the brainstem

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34
Q

What is the cribriform plate? (internal view of cranial base)

A
  • Surrounded by the frontal bone

- Part of the ethmoid bone

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35
Q

What are the wings of the sphenoid bone? (internal view of cranial base)

A
  • Posterior to the frontal bone are the lesser (anterior) and greater (posterior) wings of the sphenoid bone
  • Optic canals are located in the lesser wings
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36
Q

What are sutures?

A
  • Immovable joints that form the boundaries between the cranial bones
  • Dense regular connective tissue seals the bones together at a suture
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37
Q

What are the squamous sutures?

A
  • On each side of the skull
  • Articulates the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side
  • The squamous (flat) part of the temporal bone typically overlaps the parietal bone
38
Q

What are sutural bones?

A
  • Typically small and ranging in size
  • Any suture may have these bones, but they are most common and numerous in the lambdoid suture
  • In adulthood, sutures typically disappear as the adjoining bones fuse (starts internally/endocranially)
39
Q

What is the calvaria or skullcap of the cranium?

A
  • Roof of the cranium

- Composed of the squamous part of the frontal bone, the parietal bones and the squamous part of the occipital bone

40
Q

What is the base of the cranium?

A
  • Composed of portions of the ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones
41
Q

What is the frontal bone?

A
  • Forms part of the calvaria, the forehead and the roof of the orbits
  • Has a flat (squamous) part at the front and ends at the supraorbital margins
42
Q

What are the supraorbital margins? (frontal bone)

A
  • Each form the superior ridge of the eye orbits
43
Q

What are the supraorbital foramen? (frontal bone)

A
  • Holes or notches at the midpoint of each supraorbital margin
44
Q

What are superciliary arches? (frontal bone)

A
  • Superior to supraorbital margins

- Brow ridges (more pronounced in males)

45
Q

What are zygomatic processes? (frontal bone)

A
  • Lateral to each orbital part of the frontal bone

- Articulates with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

46
Q

What is the frontal crest? (frontal bone)

A
  • On the internal surface of the frontal bone
  • Mid-line elevation of bone that serves as a point of attachment for the falx cerebri (a protective connective tissue sheet that helps support the brain)
47
Q

What are the parietal bones?

A
  • Form the lateral walls and roof of the cranium

- Each bone is bordered by 4 sutures that unite it to it’s neighboring bones

48
Q

What are the superior and inferior temporal lines? (parietal and frontal bones)

A
  • Pair of faint ridges that arc across the surface of the parietal and frontal bones
  • Mark the attachment site of the large temporalis muscle that closes the mouth
49
Q

What are the parietal eminences? (parietal bones)

A
  • Superior to the temporal lines

- Rounded, smooth parietal surfaces

50
Q

What are temporal bones?

A
  • Form the inferior lateral walls and part of the floor of the cranium
  • Each temporal bone has a complex has a complex structure composed of 3 parts: petrous, squamous, tympanic
51
Q

What is the petrous part? (temporal bones)

A
  • The thick part of the temporal bone that houses sensory structures of the inner ear that provide information about hearing and balance
52
Q

What is the internal acoustic meatus? (temporal bones)

A
  • Also called internal auditory canal

- Provides a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to and from the inner ear

53
Q

What is the mastoid process? (temporal bones)

A
  • The prominent bulge on the inferior surface of the temporal bone
  • An anchoring site for muscles that move the neck
  • Rather than being being solid bone, it is filled with small interconnected air cells that communicate with the middle ear
54
Q

What is the styloid process? (temporal bones)

A
  • Thin, pointed projection of bone
  • Serves as an attachment site for several hyoid and tongue muscles
  • Foramen lies between the mastoid process and styloid process (facial nerve extends through this foramen to innervate the facial muscles)
55
Q

What is the squamous part of the temporal bones?

A
  • The lateral flat surface of the temporal bone immediately inferior to the squamous suture
56
Q

What is the zygomatic process? (temporal bones)

A
  • Immediately inferior to the squamous part
  • Curves laterally and anteriorly to unit with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
  • Union of these processes forms the zygomatic arch
57
Q

What is the mandibular fossa? (temporal bones)

A
  • Each temporal bone articulates with the mandible inferior to the base of both zygomatic processes in a depression called the mandibular fossa
58
Q

What is the articular tubercle? (temporal bones)

A
  • Bump that is anterior to the mandibular fossa
59
Q

What is the tympanic part? (temporal bones)

A
  • Immediately posterolateral to the mandibular fossa

- A small, bony ring surrounding the entrance to the external acoustic meatus

60
Q

What is the occipital bone?

A
  • Subdivided into a flattened squamous part which forms the posterior region of the skull, and a median basilar part which forms a portion of the base of the cranium
61
Q

What are occipital condyles? (occipital bone)

A
  • Lateral to the foramen magnum
  • Smooth knobs at the back of the head
  • Skull articulates with the first cervical vertebra at the occipital condyles
  • Posterior to each condyle is a condylar canal which transmits a vein
62
Q

What is the hypoglossal canal? (occipital bone)

A
  • At the anteromedial edge of each occipital condyles

- Through each is a hypoglossal nerve that extends to supply the tongue muscles

63
Q

What is the external occipital crest? (occipital bone)

A
  • Projects in a posterior direction from the foramen magnum, ending in the external occipital protuberance
64
Q

What are the superior and inferior nuchal lines? (occipital bone)

A
  • Intersecting the external occipital crest are these two horizontal ridges
  • Attachment sites for ligaments and neck muscles
65
Q

What are the grooves found on the internal surface of the occipital bone?

A
  • Groove for the superior sagittal sinus
  • Groove for the transverse sinus
  • Portion of the groove for the sigmoid sinus
66
Q

What is the internal occipital protuberance?

A
  • Junction of the left and right internal grooves for the transverse sinuses
  • An internal occipital crest extends from this protuberance to the border of the foramen magnum
67
Q

What is the sphenoid bone?

A
  • Has a complex shape resembling a butterfly
  • Referred to as a “bridging bone” because it unites the cranial and facial bones
  • Articulates with almost every bone of the skull
  • Hidden mostly by superficial bones
68
Q

What is the hypophyseal fossa? (sphenoid bone)

A
  • The pituitary gland is suspended inferiorly from the brain into the prominent midline depression between the greater and lesser wings
  • This depression is the hypophyseal fossa
  • The bony enclosure around this fossa is called the sella turcica (houses the pituitary gland)
69
Q

What are anterior and posterior clinoid processes? (sphenoid bone)

A
  • Projections on the other side of the sella turcica
70
Q

What is the optic groove? (sphenoid bone)

A
  • Anterior to sella turcica
  • Shallow, transverse depression that crosses the superior surface of the sphenoid bone
  • Optic foramen are located on either end of this groove
71
Q

What are medial and lateral pterygoid plates? (sphenoid bone)

A
  • Each pterygoid process forms a pair of plates

- Provide the attachment surfaces for some muscles that move the lower jaw and the soft palate

72
Q

What is the ethmoid bone?

A
  • Irregularly shaped bone positioned between the orbits
  • Forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, part of the medial wall of each orbit and part of the nasal septum
73
Q

What is the crista galli? (ethmoid bone)

A
  • On the superior part of the ethmoid bone

- A thin midsagittal elevation

74
Q

What is the cribriform plate? (ethmoid bone)

A
  • Immediately lateral to each side of the crista galli
  • Horizontal plate that has numerous perforations called cribriform foramina (provide passageways for the olfactory nerves)
75
Q

What are ethmoidal labyrinths? (ethmoid bone)

A
  • Paired bones that contain ethmoidal sinuses
  • These sinuses open into both sides of the nasal cavity
  • The smooth part of each labyrinth is called the orbital plate
  • These labyrinths are partially composed of superior and middle nasal conchae
76
Q

What is the perpendicular plate? (ethmoid bone)

A
  • The inferior, midline projection of the ethmoid bone

- Forms the superior part of the nasal septum

77
Q

What are cranial fossae?

A
  • 3 curved depressions on the floor of the cranial cavity

- Their surfaces are grooves for blood vessels and numerous foramina

78
Q

What is the anterior cranial fossa?

A
  • The shallowest of the 3 depressions
  • Formed by the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone and the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
  • Houses frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
  • Ranges from the internal surface of the inferior frontal bone (anteriorly), to the posterior edge of the lesser wings in the sphenoid bone (posteriorly)
79
Q

What is the middle cranial fossa?

A
  • Inferior and posterior to the anterior cranial fossa
  • Ranges from the posterior edge of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone (anteriorly), to the anterior part of the petrous part of the temporal bone (posteriorly)
  • Formed by the parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones
  • Houses temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and part of the brainstem
80
Q

What is the posterior cranial fossa?

A
  • The most inferior and posterior cranial fossa
  • Extends from the posterior part of the petrous part of the temporal bones to the internal posterior surface of the skull
  • Formed by occipital, temporal and parietal bones
  • Houses the cerebellum and part of the brainstem
81
Q

What is the vomer bone?

A
  • Has a triangular shape, is curved, thin and has a horizontal projection ( called ala- which articulates superiorly with the sphenoid bone)
  • Articulates along its midline with both the maxillae and the palatine bones
  • Its vertical plate articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
82
Q

What is the mandibular foramen? (mandible bone)

A
  • On the medial aspect of the ramus, a prominent foramen provides a passageway for blood vessels and nerves that innervate the inferior teeth
83
Q

What is the condylar? (mandible bone)

A
  • The posterior projection of each mandibular ramus

- Terminates at the head of the mandible

84
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint? (mandible bone)

A
  • Each articulation of the head of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone is this mobile joint
  • Allows us to move the lower jaw when we talk or chew
85
Q

What is the nasal complex?

A
  • Composed of bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses
  • Most of the anterior walls are formed by cartilage and soft tissues of the nose
  • Bridge of the nose is supported by the maxillae and the nasal bones
86
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal air-filled chambers that open into the nasal cavities
  • Have mucous lining that helps humidify and warm inhaled air
87
Q

What is the orbital complex?

A
  • Bony cavities called orbits enclose and protect the eyes and the muscles that move them
  • This complex consists of multiple bones that form each orbit
88
Q

What are the bones that are associated with the skull?

A

-The auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone

89
Q

What are the auditory ossicles?

A
  • 3 tiny ear bones that are housed within the petrous part of the temporal bones
  • Malleus, incus and stapes
90
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A
  • A slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull
  • Between the mandible and the larynx (voice box)
  • Doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the skeleton
  • Has a midline body and 2 horn-like processes called greater cornu and lesser cornu (serve as attachment sites for the tongue and anterior muscles/ligaments)

ANATOMY 1120 (25 decks)

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