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ANATOMY 1120 > Articulations/Joints > Flashcards

Articulations/Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints or articulations?

A
  • The place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage or between bones and teeth
  • Scientific study of joints is called arthrology
  • Classified structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
  • Classified functionally: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
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2
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue
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3
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Occurs where bones are joined by cartilage
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4
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • Has a fluid filled cavity that separates the cartilage-covered articulating surfaces of the bones
  • Inclosed within a capsule
  • Bones are joined by various ligaments
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5
Q

What are synarthrosis classified joints?

A
  • Immobile joint

- Two types of fibrous joints and one type of cartilaginous joint are classified as this

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6
Q

What are amphiarthrosis classified joints?

A
  • Slightly mobile joint

- One type of fibrous joint and one type of cartilaginous joint are classified as this

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7
Q

What are diarthrosis classified joints?

A
  • Freely mobile joint

- All synovial joints are classified as this

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  • Gomphoses, sutures, and syndesmoses
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9
Q

What are gomphoses joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Resembles a peg and socket
  • Only found in the body as the articulations of the roots of individual teeth with the maxillae and mandible
  • Periodontal membranes are the dense connective tissues that hold the teeth in place
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10
Q

What are suture joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Only occur between certain bones of the skull
  • Have distinct, interlocking edges that both increase their strength and decrease the number of fractures in these articulations
  • Sutures become synostoses after time, since they ossify, fusing the bones together in adulthood
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11
Q

What are syndesmosis joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue
  • Allow for slight mobility, classifying them as amphiarthrosis
  • Occur between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula
  • Broad ligaments called interosseous membrane bine the articulating bones together side by side (provides a pivot point for the ulna and radius)
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondroses and symphyses
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13
Q

What are synchondroses joints?

A
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
  • Immobile and classified as synarthroses
  • Fuses between 18-25 years of age, making it a useful tool for assessing the age of the skull (spheno-occipital synchondrosis)
  • Also found in the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by costal cartilage (sternocostal joint)
  • Also found in costochondral joints (joints between each individual rib and its respective costal cartilage)
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14
Q

What are symphyses joints?

A
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Has a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
  • Resists compression and tension stresses (acts as a resilient shock absorber)
  • Allow slight mobility, classifying them as amphiarthrosis
  • Found in the pubic symphysis (between right and left pubic bones)
  • Also found in intervertebral joints, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both seperated and united by intervertebral discs
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15
Q

What are the most commonly known synovial joints?

A
  • Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
  • Temporomandibular (jaw) joint
  • Elbow and knee joints as well
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16
Q

What is the articular capsule? (synovial)

A
  • Double layered capsule
  • Outer layer is called the fibrous layer: Strengthens joint so bones don’t separate (dense connective tissue)
  • Inner layer called the synovial membrane: Covers all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage (areolar connective tissue)
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17
Q

What is the articular cartilage? (synovial)

A
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers all articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint
  • Reduces friction during movement
  • Acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression
  • Prevents damage to articulating ends of bones
  • Compression and expansion in the joint is what keeps it healthy and prevents delayed healing in its tissues
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18
Q

What is the joint cavity? (synovial)

A
  • Space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid
  • Permits separation of the articulating bones
  • Cartilage and fluid within this cavity help to reduce friction in the bones
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19
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A
  • Synovial membrane lines the joint cavity of synovial joints
  • This membrane secretes a viscous, oily fluid
  • Have 3 functions: lubricates, nourishes articular cartilages chondrocytes (removes some wastes), and acts as a shock absorber to distribute stress within the joint
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20
Q

What are extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments? (synovial)

A
  • Extrinsic are outside of the joints and physically separate from the articular capsule
  • Intrinsic represent thickenings of the articular capsule itself (extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments outside and inside the capsule)
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21
Q

What is the purpose of sensory nerves and blood vessels in synovial joints?

A
  • Blood vessels innervate and supply the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Nerves detect painful stimuli in the joint and report on the movement and stretch of a joint (nervous system detects changes in posture to adjust body movements)
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22
Q

What is the bursa? (synovial)

A
  • Fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid
  • Lined by a synovial membrane
  • Occur around most synovial joints and also where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons overlie each other and cause friction
  • Either connected to the joint cavity or completely separate from it
  • Designed to alleviate friction from bodily movements
  • An elongated version of bursa is called a tendon sheath which wraps around tendons where there is excessive friction (wrist and ankle mostly)
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23
Q

What are fat pads? (synovial)

A
  • Often distributed along the margins of synovial joints
  • Act as packing to provide protection for the joint
  • Fill the spaces that form when bones move and their joint cavity changes shape
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24
Q

What are the classifications of synovial joints?

A
  • Uniaxial: if the bone moves in just one plane or axis
  • Biaxial: if the bone moves in two planes or axes
  • Multiaxial: if the bone moves in a multitude of planes or axes
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25
Q

What are plane joints? (synovial)

A
  • Simplest synovial joint
  • Least mobile type of diarthrosis
  • Uniaxial joint because only side-to-side movements are possible
  • Articulating bone surfaces are flat or planar
  • Intercarpal and intertarsal joints (between carpal and tarsal bones, respectively) are examples
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26
Q

What are hinge joints? (synovial)

A
  • Uniaxial joint
  • Convex surface of one articulating bone fits into the concave depression on the other bone of the joint
  • Movement confined to a single axis, like the hinge of a door
  • Elbow joint is the main example of this
  • Also found in the knee and finger (interphalangeal joints)
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27
Q

What are pivot joints?

A
  • Uniaxial joint
  • Articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone in the joint
  • An example of this is the atlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae (rounded dens of the axis fits snugly against the articular facet on the anterior arch of the atlas)
  • When you shake your head “no”
28
Q

What are condylar joints? (synovial)

A
  • Biaxial joint
  • An oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the other bone
  • Can move back-and-forth as well as side-to-side
  • Found in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (knuckles)
29
Q

What are saddle joints? (synovial)

A
  • Articulating surfaces of bone have concave and convex regions that resemble the shape of a saddle
  • Allows greater range of movement than condylar and hinge joints
  • The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is an example of this (allows thumb to move towards other fingers to grasp objects)
30
Q

What are ball-and-socket joints? (synovial)

A
  • Multiaxial joints
  • Spherical articulating head of one one fits into the rounded, cuplike socket of the other bone
  • Hip joint and glenohumeral joint are examples of this
  • Permits movement in 3 axes (wide range of movement in your shoulder)
31
Q

What are the types of movement in synovial joints?

A
  • Gliding, angular and rotational (other specific types of movement found in each of these: in mechanics flashcards!)
32
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Formed by the articulation of the head of the mandible with the articular tubercle of the temporal bone anteriorly and the mandibular fossa posteriorly
  • Allows hinge, gliding and some pivot movements to occur in the mandible
  • The only mobile joint among the skull bones
  • A loose articular capsule surrounds the joint (promotes extensive range of motion)
  • Contains an articular disc (thick pad of fibrocartilage that separates bones and divides the joint cavity)
  • Really made up of 2 synovial joints
33
Q

What are the ligaments that support the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Sphenomandibular ligament: Extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoid to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus
  • Stylomandibular ligament: Extends from styloid process of the temporal bone to the mandibular angle
  • Temporomandibular ligament: located on the lateral portion of the articular capsule and extends inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle of the mandible
34
Q

What are intervertebral joints?

A
  • Located between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, as well as between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
  • Intervertebral discs: cushioned pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebral bodies between the axis and the sacrum
  • Annulus fibrosus: tough outer layer of fibrocartilage that covers intervertebral discs
  • Nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous core of the disc
35
Q

What are the ligaments that support the intervertebral joints?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament: attaches vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs at their anterior surfaces
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament: attaches posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and discs (runs within vertebral canal)
  • Interspinous ligaments: connect spinous processes to adjacent vertebrae
  • Supraspinous ligament: interconnects the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
  • Ligamentum: Part of supraspinous ligament that extends between C7 and the base of the skull
  • Ligamentum flavum: connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
36
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • A saddle joint
  • Formed by the articulation between the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle
  • Articular disc partitions the joint into 2 parts, creating 2 separate joint cavities
  • Wide range of motion: depression, elevation and circumduction
37
Q

What are the ligaments that support the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligaments: reinforce the capsule
  • Costoclavicular ligament: attaches clavicle to first rib and stabilizes the joint to prevent dislocation of the shoulder when its elevated
  • Interclavicular ligament: runs along the sternal notch and attaches to each clavicle. Makes the joint very stable and reinforces superior regions of the adjacent capsules
38
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • Plane joint
  • Between the acromion and the acromial end of the clavicle
  • Articular disc lies within the joint between bones
  • Works with both the sternoclavicular and glenohumeral joints to give the upper limbs full range of motion
39
Q

What are the ligaments that support the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • Acromioclavicular ligament: strengthens capsule superiorly
  • Coracoclavicular ligament: binds the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula and is responsible for most stability because it indirectly prevents the clavicle from losing contact with the acromion
40
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Commonly referred to as the shoulder joint (ball-and-socket)
  • Articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • Permits the greatest range of motion in any joint of the body (also the most unstable)
  • Glenoid labrum encircles and covers the surface of the glenoid cavity
41
Q

What are the ligaments that support the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Coracoacromial ligament: extends across the space between the coracoid process and the acromion
  • Coracohumeral ligament: thickening of the superior part of the joint capsule and runs from the coracoid process to the humeral head
  • Glenohumeral ligaments: 3 thickenings of the anterior portion of the articular capsule and provide only minimal support
  • These ligaments don’t provide as much support as the rotator cuff muscles that work to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
42
Q

What is the elbow joint?

A
  • A hinge joint composed primarily of 2 articulations
  • Articulates at the humeral joint where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
  • Articulates at the humeroradial joint, where the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius
  • Both joints are enclosed within a single articular capsule
  • Extremely stable joint: articular capsule is fairly thick and the bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock very well to provide support
43
Q

What are the ligaments that support the elbow joint?

A
  • Radial collateral ligament: responsible for stabilizing the joint at its lateral surface and extends around the head of the radius between the annular ligament and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • Ulnar collateral ligament: stabilizes the medial side of the joint and extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to both coronoid process of the ulna and posteriorly to the olecranon
  • Annular ligament: surrounds the neck of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna. Also helps hold the head of the radius in place, allowing for the rotation of the radial head against the ulna (pronation and supination of the forearm)
44
Q

What is the radiocarpal joint?

A
  • Is an articulation among the 3 proximal carpal bones, the distal articular surface of the radius and the fibrocartilaginous articular disc
  • The articular disc separates the ulna from the radiocarpal joint
  • The whole joint is ensheathed by an articular capsule that has reinforcing broad ligaments to support and stabilize the carpal bone positions
45
Q

What are intercarpal articulations?

A
  • Makes additional movements other than flexion, extension, abduction, adduction or circumduction (rotational movements done at distal and proximal radioulnar joints)
  • Plane joints that permit gliding movements between the individual carpal bones
46
Q

What are the joints that are in the pelvic girdle and lower limbs?

A
  • Sacroiliac, Coxal (hip), pubic symphysis, knee, tibiofibular, talocrural (ankle), intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal joints, interphalangeal joints
47
Q

What is the hip joint?

A
  • Also known as the coxal joint
  • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction of the femur
  • The articulation between the head of the femur and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae
  • The acetabular labrum is fibrocartilaginous and further deepens the socket
  • Has an extensive bony structure that makes it stronger than that of the glenohumeral joint (needs to support the body’s weight)
  • Due to its increased stability, it is less mobile than the glenohumeral joint
  • Secured by a strong articular capsule (incloses both the femoral head and neck), ligaments and powerful muscles
48
Q

What are retinacular fibers? (coxal joint)

A
  • Ligamentous fibers of the articular capsule that reflect around the neck of the femur
  • Provide additional stability to the capsule
  • Travelling through these fibers are retinacular arteries which supply almost all the blood to the head and neck of the femur
49
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments? (coxal joint)

A
  • Reinforces the articular capsule through 3 spiraling ligaments
  • All become taut when the femur is extended at the hip joint, so the hip joint is most stable in the extended position
  • Iliofemoral: Y-shaped ligament that provides strong reinforcement for the anterior region of the articular capsule
  • Ischiofemoral: spiral-shaped, posteriorly located ligament
  • Pubofemoral: triangular thickening of the capsule’s inferior region
  • Tiny ligament called the head of femur originates along the acetabulum, and doesn’t provide much strength to the joint but instead contains a small artery that supplies the head of the femur
50
Q

What is the knee joint?

A
  • Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body
  • Primarily functions as a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding
  • Structurally composed of 2 articulations:
    1) Tibiofemoral joint is between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia
    2) Patellofemoral joint is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur
  • Articular capsule encloses only the medial, lateral and posterior regions of the knee joint
  • Quadriceps femoris muscle tendon passes over the anterior portion of the knee joint
51
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the knee joint?

A
  • Patellar ligament
  • Fibular collateral ligament
  • Tibial collateral ligament
  • Anterior cruciate ligament
  • Posterior cruciate ligament
52
Q

What is the patellar ligament? (knee joint)

A
  • Embedded within the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon and extends beyond the patella and continues to its attachment on the tibial tuberosity of the tibia
53
Q

What is the fibular collateral ligament? (knee joint)

A
  • Collateral ligament that becomes taut on extension and provide additional stability to the joint
  • Reinforces the lateral surface of the joint
  • Runs from the femur to the fibula and prevents hyperadduction of the leg at the knee
54
Q

What is the tibial collateral ligament? (knee joint)

A
  • Reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint and runs from the femur to the tibia and prevents hyperabduction of the leg at the knee
  • Attached to the medial meniscus of the knee as well, so an injury to the tibial collateral ligament usually affects the medial meniscus
55
Q

What are the medial meniscus and lateral meniscus? (knee joint)

A
  • Deep to the articular capsule and within the knee joint itself
  • Pair of c-shaped fibrocartilage pads
  • Located on the condyles of the tibia
  • Partially stabilize the joint medially and laterally
  • Act as cushions between articular surfaces
  • Continuously change shape to conform to the surfaces as the femur moves
56
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments? (knee joint)

A
  • Deep to the articular capsule of the knee joint
  • 2 ligaments, one anterior and one posterior
  • Limit the front-and-back movement of the femur on the tibia
  • Cross each other in the form of an ‘x’
57
Q

What is the anterior cruciate ligament- ACL? (knee joint)

A
  • Runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia
  • When the knee is extended the ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension of the leg at the knee joint
  • Also prevents the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur
58
Q

What is the posterior cruciate ligament- PCL? (knee joint)

A
  • Runs from the anteroinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia
  • PCL becomes taut on flexion and so it prevents hyperflexion of the lge at the knee joint
  • Also prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
59
Q

What is the talocrural joint (ankle)?

A
  • A highly modified hinge joint that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
  • Includes 2 articulations: one between the distal end of the tibia and the talus and one between the distal end of the fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus
  • The medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula form extensive medial and lateral margins and prevent the talus from sliding side to side
  • An articular capsule covers the distal features of the tibia, the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus and the talus
60
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the talocrural joint? (ankle)

A
  • Deltoid ligament: Multipart and binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side. Ligament prevents over eversion of the foot. Is incredibly strong and rarely tears
  • Lateral ligament: Binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side and prevents over inversion of the foot (not as strong as the deltoid ligament and so its prone to tears)
  • Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments: Bind the tibia to the fibula
61
Q

What are the 4 synovial joints of the foot?

A
  • Intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
62
Q

What are intertarsal joints? (foot)

A
  • Articulations between the tarsal bones

- At these joints, inversion and eversion of the foot occur

63
Q

What are the tarsometatarsal joints? (foot)

A
  • Articulations between the tarsal and metatarsal bones
  • Plane articulations that permit some twisting and limited side-to-side movements of the tarsal bones
  • The medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones articulate with the first 3 metatarsals
  • The 4th and 5th metatarsals articulate with the cuboid
64
Q

What are the metatarsophalangeal joints? (foot)

A
  • Also called MP joints
  • Are between the metatarsals and the phalanges of the toes
  • These are condylar joints and permit little abduction and adduction movement in the toes as well as flexion and extension of the toes
65
Q

What are the interphalangeal joints? (foot)

A
  • Occur between individual phalanges

- Each is a hinge joint that permits flexion and extension

ANATOMY 1120 (25 decks)

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