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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton (Bony Anatomy > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton (Bony Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

There are 22 bones in two categories The cranial bones (8 in total) have direct contact with the brain. The facial bones (14 in total) do not have direct contact with the brain.

A

cranium

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2
Q

The cranial bones form the top, sides, and back of the head.

A

Protect brain

Provide attachment for jaw, head and neck muscles
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3
Q

The facial bones form the cheeks, jaws, and the bridge of nose.

A

Protect entry/exit to digestive and respiratory system

Provide attachment site for facial muscles
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4
Q

Foramen magnum: passage for spinal cord, brain junction
Occipital condyle: area that the skull articulates with the C1 vertebrae of the spine
Occipital protuberance: attachment site for muscles

A

occipital bone

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5
Q

Frontal sinus: 2 air filled sacs

forms the roof of the nasal cavity, orbits, and forehead.

A

frontal bone

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6
Q

(2) form the sides of cranium roof.

Bordered by sutures including the sagittal, cronoal, lamboid, and squamous suture

A

parietal bones

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7
Q

(2) are located on both sides of the cranium, and forms the inferior lateral walls and part of the cranium floor.
Mastoid process: contains air spaces & muscular attachment site
External acoustis meatus
Zygomatic process: anterolateral projection that unites with the zygomatic bone

A

temporal bones

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8
Q

contacins a greater and lesser wing. Together, the shape of this bone resembles a butterfly.

A

sphenoid bone

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9
Q

forms ther anteromedial floor of the cranium, roof of the nasal cavity, medial wall of each orbit, and superior nasal septum

Perpendicular plate: forms nasal septum
Cristal gali: Attachment site of the duta mater
Cribiform plate: Roof over smell receptors
Cribiform olfactory foramen: passage ways for CN 1 (Olfactory)
A

ethmoid bone

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10
Q

forms the upper jaw, anterior hard palate, and the floor of orbits. The maxilla also forms part of the nasal cavity.

A

maxilla

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11
Q

form the bridge of the nose. It is actually two paired bones. The lateral portion of this bone articulates with the maxilla.

A

nasal bones

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12
Q

creates the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

A

vomer

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13
Q

forms the medial orbit. This is a paired (2 bones) structure in the face.

A

lacrimal bones

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14
Q

are two, small, L-shaped bones. The palatine forms the hard palate posterior to maxilla and nasal cavity.

A

palatine bones

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15
Q

(2 bones) form the nasal cavity. The nasal conchae serves a purpose in creating turbulence in inhaled air. The nasal conchae contain a superior, middle, and inferior portion.

A

nasal conchae

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16
Q

form the cheek prominences and the floor of the orbits

A

zygomatic bones

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17
Q 
forms the lower jaw.
    body
    angle
    ramus
    mandibular condyle: forms the temperomandibular joint
A

mandible

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18
Q

Located between frontal and parietal

A

Coronal Suture

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19
Q

Located between occipital and parietal

A

Lambdoid Suture

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20
Q

Located between parietals

A

Sagittal Suture

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21
Q

Located between temporal and pariteal

A

Squamous Suture

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22
Q

is a fibrous membrane region between cranial bones that allow movement during childbirth.

A

fontanelle

23
Q

Origin:
Zygmoatic arch

Insertion:
Lateral surface of the the mandible

Action:
Elevation, protraction of mandible
Prime mover when closing the jaw

Nerve:
CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

A

Masseter

24
Q

Origin:
Temporal fossa

Insertion
Coronoid process of mandible

Action:
Elevation
Retraction

Nerve: CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

A

Temporalis

25
Q

Origin:

Maxilla and palatine

Insertion:

Medial surface of mandibular ramus

Action:

Elevation. side to side, and protraction of the mandible

Nerve:

CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division
A

Medial Pterygoid

26
Q

Origin:

Sphenoid

Insertion:

Condyle of the mandible

Action:

Protraction, and side-to-side movement of the mandible

Nerve:

CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division
A

Lateral Pterygoid

27
Q

Origin:

Epicranial aponeurosis (part of the scalp)

Insertion:

Skin of the eyebrows and forehead

Action:

Raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

Nerve:

CN VII - Facial
A

(Frontalis; Occipitfrontalis)

28
Q

Origin:

Frontal bone
Maxillary

Insertion:

Skin around the eye

Action:

Closes eyelids
Wink, Blink, and Squint

Nerve:

CN VII - Facial
A

Orbicularis Oculi

29
Q

Origin:

Mandible
Maxilla
Skin around the mouth

Insertion:

Skin of the lips

Action:

Compress and purse lips
Kissing

Nerve:

CN VII - Facial
A

Orbicularis Oris

30
Q

Origin:

Zygmoatic bone

Insertion:

Orbicularis oris (muscle)

Action:

Raises corners of the mouth
Smile

Nerve:

CN VII- Facial
A

Zygomaticus

31
Q

Functions of the Nasal Cavity

A
  1. Airway is provided for respiration
  2. Air entering is moistened, warmed, filtered, and cleaned
  3. Resonating chamber for speech
  4. Houses the olfactory receptors
32
Q

A skin covered, funnel-shaped, elastic cartilage-supported structure called the auricle
The auricle leads to a bony tube called the external acoustic meatus, which ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The tympanic membrane transmits sound from the external to middle ear, separating the 2 anatomical regions of the ear
Deep within the external auditory meatus, glands produce a waxlike secretion called cerumen

A

external ear

33
Q

The auditory ossicles are three bones that are responsible for amplifying sound waves and transmitting them to the inner ear. These three bones include:

Malleus (Hammer) – lateral
Incus (Anvil) – middle
Stapes (Stirrup) - medial
A

middle ear

34
Q

is a fluid-filled chamber that contains a three-part bony and membranous labyrinth responsible for balance and hearing. The three parts are:

Cochlea- contains the sensory organs of hearing that detects sounds waves
Semicircular canals- fluid and hair sense rotational motion (balance)
Vestibule- in charge of detecting acceleration and deceleration of the head
A

inner ear

35
Q

Function of the Ear

A

Pressure (sound) waves are collected by the auricle and directed into the external meatus
Pressure waves strike the tympanic membrane which begins to vibrate
The vibration moves to the malleus, incus, and stapes. Ossicles translate sound energy into mechanical energy
The movement of the stapes creates hydraulic pressure waves to the fluid-filled cochlea
Finally, the sound waves trigger hearing receptors which send neural signals via CN VII to the brain

36
Q

a middle ear infection, is the most common in youth as the auditory tubes are developed.

A

Otitis media

37
Q

a external ear infection, is commonly referred to as swimmer’s ear is an infection of the skin covering the external acoustic meatus.

A

Otitis externa

38
Q

covers the anterior eye, secretes lubricating mucous to prevent the eye from drying out and lubricate it during motion

A

Conjunctiva:

39
Q

curved rows of thick hair above the orbit to prevent sweat from dripping into the eyes

A

Eyebrow

40
Q

small hairs that extend from the eyelid to prevent foreign objects from entering

A

Eyelashes

41
Q

provide a protective covering over the anterior eye and distributes tears

A

Eyelids

42
Q

glands that provide a secretion that prevent tear overflow and prevent the eyelids from sticking together

A

Tarsal Glands

43
Q

produces Lacrimal fluid (tears) to moisten the anterior eye

A

Lacrimal gland

44
Q

cushions the posterior and lateral sides of the eye

A

Orbital fat

45
Q

Sclera: white of the eye, provides the shape of the eye, protects internal structures, and provides a means for muscule attachments
Cornea: transparent window allowing light to enter and acts as a light bending apparatus. It receives nutrition from the fluid inside the eye

A

The fibrous tunic is the external most layer of the eye

46
Q

Choroid- provides nutrition to the tunics and absorbs extra light that enters the eye to help the retina
Iris- lies between the cornea and lens. It is the colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil, and controls the size of the pupil
Pupil- is the central opening of the eye that allows light to enter the eye. Iris muscles control constriction or dilation of the pupils via the oculomotor nerve

A

vascular tunic

47
Q

Retina - prevents light scattering, contains light sensitive photoreceptor cells, and creates the neural signal sent to the brain through the optic nerve
Optic Disc- “Blind spot” on retina. Located where ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve (CN II) and retinal arteries and veins enter and exit the retina. Lacks photoreceptors
Fovea Centralis- Area of retina that contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods. Sharpest area of vision.
Lens- is a thick transparent disc that changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina

A

The retina (neural tunic) is the deepest layer of the eye.

48
Q

are responsible for food manipulation.

A

extrinsic muscles

49
Q

of the tongue are responsible for movements of speech (i.e. curling, squeezing, and folding).

A

intrinsic muscles

50
Q

Retracts the tongue

A

styloglossus

51
Q

Retracts and pulls down the side of the tongue

A

hyoglossus

52
Q

Depresses and protudes the tonge

A

genioglossus

53
Q

Elevates the tongue

and pulls it slightly backwards

A

palatoglossus

Anatomy (4 decks)

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