Axial Skeleton (Bony Anatomy

Question 1

There are 22 bones in two categories The cranial bones (8 in total) have direct contact with the brain. The facial bones (14 in total) do not have direct contact with the brain.

Answer 1

cranium

Question 2

The cranial bones form the top, sides, and back of the head.

Answer 2

Protect brain

Provide attachment for jaw, head and neck muscles

Question 3

The facial bones form the cheeks, jaws, and the bridge of nose.

Answer 3

Protect entry/exit to digestive and respiratory system

Provide attachment site for facial muscles

Question 4

Foramen magnum: passage for spinal cord, brain junction
Occipital condyle: area that the skull articulates with the C1 vertebrae of the spine
Occipital protuberance: attachment site for muscles

Answer 4

occipital bone

Question 5

Frontal sinus: 2 air filled sacs

forms the roof of the nasal cavity, orbits, and forehead.

Answer 5

frontal bone

Question 6

(2) form the sides of cranium roof.

Bordered by sutures including the sagittal, cronoal, lamboid, and squamous suture

Answer 6

parietal bones

Question 7

(2) are located on both sides of the cranium, and forms the inferior lateral walls and part of the cranium floor.
Mastoid process: contains air spaces & muscular attachment site
External acoustis meatus
Zygomatic process: anterolateral projection that unites with the zygomatic bone

Answer 7

temporal bones

Question 8

contacins a greater and lesser wing. Together, the shape of this bone resembles a butterfly.

Answer 8

sphenoid bone

Question 9

forms ther anteromedial floor of the cranium, roof of the nasal cavity, medial wall of each orbit, and superior nasal septum

Perpendicular plate: forms nasal septum
Cristal gali: Attachment site of the duta mater
Cribiform plate: Roof over smell receptors
Cribiform olfactory foramen: passage ways for CN 1 (Olfactory)

Answer 9

ethmoid bone

Question 10

forms the upper jaw, anterior hard palate, and the floor of orbits. The maxilla also forms part of the nasal cavity.

Answer 10

maxilla

Question 11

form the bridge of the nose. It is actually two paired bones. The lateral portion of this bone articulates with the maxilla.

Answer 11

nasal bones

Question 12

creates the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

Answer 12

vomer

Question 13

forms the medial orbit. This is a paired (2 bones) structure in the face.

Answer 13

lacrimal bones

Question 14

are two, small, L-shaped bones. The palatine forms the hard palate posterior to maxilla and nasal cavity.

Answer 14

palatine bones

Question 15

(2 bones) form the nasal cavity. The nasal conchae serves a purpose in creating turbulence in inhaled air. The nasal conchae contain a superior, middle, and inferior portion.

Answer 15

nasal conchae

Question 16

form the cheek prominences and the floor of the orbits

Answer 16

zygomatic bones

Question 17

forms the lower jaw.
    body
    angle
    ramus
    mandibular condyle: forms the temperomandibular joint

Answer 17

mandible

Question 18

Located between frontal and parietal

Answer 18

Coronal Suture

Question 19

Located between occipital and parietal

Answer 19

Lambdoid Suture

Question 20

Located between parietals

Answer 20

Sagittal Suture

Question 21

Located between temporal and pariteal

Answer 21

Squamous Suture

Question 22

is a fibrous membrane region between cranial bones that allow movement during childbirth.

Answer 22

fontanelle

Question 23

Origin:
Zygmoatic arch

Insertion:
Lateral surface of the the mandible

Action:
Elevation, protraction of mandible
Prime mover when closing the jaw

Nerve:
CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

Answer 23

Masseter

Question 24

Origin:
Temporal fossa

Insertion
Coronoid process of mandible

Action:
Elevation
Retraction

Nerve: CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

Answer 24

Temporalis

Question 25

Origin: Maxilla and palatine Insertion: Medial surface of mandibular ramus Action: Elevation. side to side, and protraction of the mandible Nerve: CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

Answer 25

Medial Pterygoid

Question 26

Origin: Sphenoid Insertion: Condyle of the mandible Action: Protraction, and side-to-side movement of the mandible Nerve: CN V - Trigeminal: Mandibular division

Answer 26

Lateral Pterygoid

Question 27

Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis (part of the scalp) Insertion: Skin of the eyebrows and forehead Action: Raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead Nerve: CN VII - Facial

Answer 27

(Frontalis; Occipitfrontalis)

Question 28

Origin: Frontal bone Maxillary Insertion: Skin around the eye Action: Closes eyelids Wink, Blink, and Squint Nerve: CN VII - Facial

Answer 28

Orbicularis Oculi

Question 29

Origin: Mandible Maxilla Skin around the mouth Insertion: Skin of the lips Action: Compress and purse lips Kissing Nerve: CN VII - Facial

Answer 29

Orbicularis Oris

Question 30

Origin: Zygmoatic bone Insertion: Orbicularis oris (muscle) Action: Raises corners of the mouth Smile Nerve: CN VII- Facial

Answer 30

Zygomaticus

Question 31

Functions of the Nasal Cavity

Answer 31

1. Airway is provided for respiration 2. Air entering is moistened, warmed, filtered, and cleaned 3. Resonating chamber for speech 4. Houses the olfactory receptors

Question 32

A skin covered, funnel-shaped, elastic cartilage-supported structure called the auricle The auricle leads to a bony tube called the external acoustic meatus, which ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum) The tympanic membrane transmits sound from the external to middle ear, separating the 2 anatomical regions of the ear Deep within the external auditory meatus, glands produce a waxlike secretion called cerumen

Answer 32

external ear

Question 33

The auditory ossicles are three bones that are responsible for amplifying sound waves and transmitting them to the inner ear. These three bones include: Malleus (Hammer) – lateral Incus (Anvil) – middle Stapes (Stirrup) - medial

Answer 33

middle ear

Question 34

is a fluid-filled chamber that contains a three-part bony and membranous labyrinth responsible for balance and hearing. The three parts are: Cochlea- contains the sensory organs of hearing that detects sounds waves Semicircular canals- fluid and hair sense rotational motion (balance) Vestibule- in charge of detecting acceleration and deceleration of the head

Answer 34

inner ear

Question 35

Function of the Ear

Answer 35

Pressure (sound) waves are collected by the auricle and directed into the external meatus Pressure waves strike the tympanic membrane which begins to vibrate The vibration moves to the malleus, incus, and stapes. Ossicles translate sound energy into mechanical energy The movement of the stapes creates hydraulic pressure waves to the fluid-filled cochlea Finally, the sound waves trigger hearing receptors which send neural signals via CN VII to the brain

Question 36

a middle ear infection, is the most common in youth as the auditory tubes are developed.

Answer 36

Otitis media

Question 37

a external ear infection, is commonly referred to as swimmer's ear is an infection of the skin covering the external acoustic meatus.

Answer 37

Otitis externa

Question 38

covers the anterior eye, secretes lubricating mucous to prevent the eye from drying out and lubricate it during motion

Answer 38

Conjunctiva:

Question 39

curved rows of thick hair above the orbit to prevent sweat from dripping into the eyes

Answer 39

Eyebrow

Question 40

small hairs that extend from the eyelid to prevent foreign objects from entering

Answer 40

Eyelashes

Question 41

provide a protective covering over the anterior eye and distributes tears

Answer 41

Eyelids

Question 42

glands that provide a secretion that prevent tear overflow and prevent the eyelids from sticking together

Answer 42

Tarsal Glands

Question 43

produces Lacrimal fluid (tears) to moisten the anterior eye

Answer 43

Lacrimal gland

Question 44

cushions the posterior and lateral sides of the eye

Answer 44

Orbital fat

Question 45

Sclera: white of the eye, provides the shape of the eye, protects internal structures, and provides a means for muscule attachments Cornea: transparent window allowing light to enter and acts as a light bending apparatus. It receives nutrition from the fluid inside the eye

Answer 45

The fibrous tunic is the external most layer of the eye

Question 46

Choroid- provides nutrition to the tunics and absorbs extra light that enters the eye to help the retina Iris- lies between the cornea and lens. It is the colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil, and controls the size of the pupil Pupil- is the central opening of the eye that allows light to enter the eye. Iris muscles control constriction or dilation of the pupils via the oculomotor nerve

Answer 46

vascular tunic

Question 47

Retina - prevents light scattering, contains light sensitive photoreceptor cells, and creates the neural signal sent to the brain through the optic nerve Optic Disc- "Blind spot" on retina. Located where ganglion cell axons exit retina to form optic nerve (CN II) and retinal arteries and veins enter and exit the retina. Lacks photoreceptors Fovea Centralis- Area of retina that contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods. Sharpest area of vision. Lens- is a thick transparent disc that changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina

Answer 47

The retina (neural tunic) is the deepest layer of the eye.

Question 48

are responsible for food manipulation.

Answer 48

extrinsic muscles

Question 49

of the tongue are responsible for movements of speech (i.e. curling, squeezing, and folding).

Answer 49

intrinsic muscles

Question 50

Retracts the tongue

Answer 50

styloglossus

Question 51

Retracts and pulls down the side of the tongue

Answer 51

hyoglossus

Question 52

Depresses and protudes the tonge

Answer 52

genioglossus

Question 53

Elevates the tongue | and pulls it slightly backwards

Answer 53

palatoglossus