Axial/Epaxial/Hypaxial Skeleton

Question 1

What are the three systems that make up the epaxial skeleton?

Answer 1

1. Iliocostalis System
2. Longissimus System
3. Transversospinalis system

Question 2

What are the parts of the Iliocostalis System?

Answer 2

Iliocostalis thoracis

Iliocostalis lumborum

Question 3

What are the parts of the longissimus system?

Answer 3

Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Longissimus lumborum

Question 4

What are the muscles of the transversospinalis system?

Answer 4

1. splenius
2. transversospinalis capitis
   a) biventer cervicis
   b) complexus

Question 5

What are the muscles of the hypaxial skeleton?

Answer 5

1. brachocephalicus
2. sternocephalicus
3. sternothyrohyoideus (sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus)->ventral boundary of cervical visceral space
4. Longus capitis and longus colli (dorsal boundary of the cervical visceral space)

Question 6

What are the inspiratory muscles?

Answer 6

1. diaphragm
2. scalenus muscle
3. serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle
4. rectus thoracis muscle
5. external intercostal muscles

Question 7

What are the expiratory muscles?

Answer 7

1. serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle
2. internal intercostal muscles
3. transversus thoracis (canons be seen until thorax is opened) muscle
4. abdominal muscles

Question 8

What are the components of the cervical visceral space?

Answer 8

Muscular boundaries: ventral (sternothyrohyoideus muscles) and dorsal (longus colli and longus capitis) boundaries

Visceral components

1. esophagus
2. trachea
3. thyroid and parathyroid glands
4. recurrent laryngeal nerves
5. tracheal lymph nodes
6. carotid sheath
   a) carotid arteries
   b) vagosympathetic trunks
   c) internal jugular vein