Axial and Pelvic

Question 1

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

Answer 1

• External occipital protuberance
• Medial portion of superior nuchal line of the occiput
• Ligmentum nuchae
• Spinous process of C7 to T12
• Lateral one third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Question 2

What are the attachments of the erector spinae?

Answer 2

Common tendon (thoracolumbar fascia) that attaches to posterior surface of the sacrum

Iliac crest

Spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of temporal bone.

Question 3

What are the attachments of the serratus anterior?

Answer 3

• External surfaces of upper eight or nine ribs

* Anterior surface of medial boarder of the scapula

Question 4

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 4

Sternal head: top of manubrium

Clavicular head: medial one third of the clavicle

Mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral portion of superior nuchial line of occiput

Question 5

What are the attachments of the temporalis?

Answer 5

Temporal fossa and fascia

Coronoid process and anterior edge of ramus of the mandible

Question 6

What actions does the Masseter do?

Answer 6

• Elevate the mandible (temporomandibular joint)

* May assist to protract the mandible (TM joint)

Question 7

What are the attachments of the intercostals?

Answer 7

• The inferior border of the rib above
Insertion:
• The Superior border of the rib below

Question 8

What are the attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 8

• Costal attachment: Inner surface of lower six ribs
• Lumbar attachment: Upper two or three lumbar vertebrae
• Sternal attachment: Inner part of xiphoid process
• Central tendon

Question 9

What muscle is in a 1cm radius of the masseter?

Answer 9

Sternocleidomastoid: Sternal head: top of manubrium

Clavicular head: medial one third of the clavicle

Mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral portion of superior nuchial line of occiput

Question 10

What actions does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

Answer 10

Unilaterally:
• Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side
• Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side
Bilaterally:
• Flex the neck
• Assist to elevate the rib cage during inhalation

Question 11

What muscle is in a 1cm radius to the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 11

Masseter: Zygomatic arch

Angle and ramus of the mandible

Question 12

What movements do the erector spinae do?

Answer 12

Unilaterally:
• Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
Bilaterally:
• Extend the vertebral column

Question 13

What muscle is in a 1cm radius to the erector spinae?

Answer 13

Latissimus dorsi:

1. Inferior angle of the scapula
2. Spinous processes of last six thoracic vertebrae
3. Last three or four ribs
4. Thoracolumbar fossa
5. Posterior iliac crest
6. Intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 14

What are the actions of the diaphragm?

Answer 14

• Draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm

* Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

Question 15

What muscle is in a 1cm radius to the diaphragm?

Answer 15

Intercostals
• The inferior border of the rib above
Insertion:
• The Superior border of the rib below

Question 16

What actions do the intercostals do?

Answer 16

• External intercostals: Draw the ribs superiorly (increasing the space of the thoracic cavity) to assist with inhalation
• Internal intercostals: Draw the ribs inferiorly (decreasing the space of the thoracic cavity) to assist with exhalation

Question 17

What muscle is in a 1cm radius to the intercostals?

Answer 17

Diaphragm
• Costal attachment: Inner surface of lower six ribs
• Lumbar attachment: Upper two or three lumbar vertebrae
• Sternal attachment: Inner part of xiphoid process
• Central tendon

Question 18

What are the actions of the serratus anterior?

Answer 18

• Abduct the scapula
• Upwardly rotate the scapula
• Depress the scapula
• Hold the medial boarder of the scapula against the ribcage
• Elevate the thorax during forced inhalation

Question 19

What muscle is in a 1cm radius to the serratus anterior?

Answer 19

Pectoralis Major: Medial half of the sternum, clavicle and cartilage of 6th through 1st ribs
Crest of greater tubercle of the humerus

Question 20

What are the actions of the trapezius?

Answer 20

Bilaterally:
• Extend the head and neck
Unilaterally:
• Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side
• Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side
• Elevate the scapula (scapulothoracic joint)
• Upwardly rotate the scapula (S/T joint)
Middle fibers:
• Adduct the scapula (S/T joint)
• Stabilize the scapula (S/T joint)
Lower fibers:
• Depress the scapula (S/T joint)
• Upwardly rotate the scapula (S/T joint)