Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Avian Non-Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Avian Non-Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why can broken blood feathers be dangerous? What treatment is recommended?

A

risk of hemorrhaging out and extremely painful

pluck feather and apply Qwick stop or skin glue to promote hemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In what birds are feather cysts most common? What are 2 options for treatment?

A

Canaries —> can be mistaken for xanthomas or fibrosarcomas

  1. lance cyst, remove feather material, and cauterize the follicle with silver nitrate
  2. surgically excise entire feather follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is suspected to be the cause of uropygial gland impaction? What 4 treatments are recommended?

A

improper nutrition —> hypovitaminosis A (check choanal papilla)

  1. lance affected lobe
  2. antibiotic based on C&S
  3. flush with chlorhexidine
  4. heal via secondary intention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes pododermatitis in birds? What signs are seen? What birds are most commonly affected?

A

bumblefoot —> Staphylococcus aureus

progressive inflammation of the foot - mild erythema —> abscessation and osteomyelitis

  • raptors
  • psittacines
  • poultry
  • waterfowl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 6 predisposing factors to pododermatitis?

A
  1. obesity
  2. overgrown talons/nails
  3. sedentary lifestyle
  4. trauma
  5. improper perching
  6. poor sanitation/husbandry/nutrition - bird requires a variety of perches to avoid sitting on the same part of foot, ground dwellers need clear floors without abrasive material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 grades of pododermatitis?

A
  1. early insult, no apparent infection
  2. infection of tissues near insult
  3. infection with swelling and discharge, likely lame
  4. above + involvement of deeper structures
  5. crippling deformity, loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is pododermatitis diagnosed? What are 5 options for treatment?

A

culture, bloodwork, radiographs

  1. fix husbandry
  2. bandage to remove weight from plantar aspect of foot - interdigital, donut (severe)
  3. surgical debridement - III or above
  4. topical therapy - anti-inflammatories (DMSO, CEH cream, preparation H) + antibiotics
  5. systemic antibiotics + analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is prognosis of pododermatitis like?

A
  • Gr 1-3 = good with quick recovery
  • Gr 3-5 = guarded to poor with prolonged recovery (can take 2-6 months!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Amazon foot necrosis syndrome? What etiology is suspected?

A

pruritic, ulcerative lesions on feet/legs with self-mutilation common —> poor prognosis

allergic or immune-mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is constricted toe syndrome? What is the most common cause? How is it treated?

A

fibrous band of tissue on the toe of Psittacine neonates constricts one or more digits

low humidity in incubators or brooders

surgical excision of band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of injury are mammal bite wounds to birds? What treatment is recommended?

A

true emergency - Pasteurella multocida is part of the normal flora of a cat’s mouth

antibiotic therapy immediately —> Fluoroquinolones or Penicillins are best choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antimicrobials used in avian species:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What birds are most commonly affected by xanthomas? What are they? Where are they most commonly found?

A

Cockatiels and Budgerigars

locally invasive, benign, sometimes pruritic, yellow friable masses

ventral coelom, hip, thigh, wing, around face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are xanthomas diagnosed? How are they treated?

A

cytology - foamy microphage, multinucleated giant cells, cholesterol crystals

  • surgical excision (recurrence possible)
  • low fat/protein diet
    (large = guarded prognosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 6 possible causes of feather picking/feather destructive behavior?

A
  1. behavioral
  2. pain response - growing, arthritis, cysts
  3. aggression from conspecifics - finches in breeding season
  4. improper husbandry - decreased humidity
  5. infectious - PBFD
  6. endocrine - hypothyroidism causes decreased molting, discoloration, and flaky skin

(diagnosis of exclusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What birds commonly develop lipomas? How do they appear? Treatment?

A

birds on high fat seed diets

soft, pale, yellow, encapsulated and lobulated masses in the subcutis, commonly on the sternum

surgical excision and diet correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of tumors are most commonly found in the uropygial gland? How do they appear? What treatments are recommended?

A

adenocarcinoma +/- SCC

superficial, crusty, proliferative, localized to the lower back and pygostyle region

  • debulk - difficult
  • cryotherapy - recurrence likely
  • radiation therapy - promising
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is polyostotic hyperostosis considered normal? What are 3 pathogenic causes?

A

pre-ovulatory females - calcium storage in long bones

  1. cystic ovaries - secrete estrogen
  2. ovarian and oviduct neoplasia - secrete estrogen
  3. paraneoplastic syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is splay-leg syndrome? What are 3 suspected causes?

A

laxities of the ligaments of the stifle and/or angular deformities of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus, common in younger birds

  1. parental oversitting - can’t strengthen muscles and ligaments
  2. nutritional deficiencies (MBD)
  3. insufficient support/substrate in nestbox - slippery, lacks traction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 options for treating splay-leg syndrome?

A
  1. hobbling
  2. coaptation
  3. surgery - risks to circulation and innervation + mutilation common with older birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What birds develop hypovitaminosis A? What does it lead to?

A

birds fed a seed-based diet

squamous metaplasia —> salivary gland cysts/abscesses, blunting choanal papilla —> predisposes to respiratory infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What inhaled toxin are birds commonly exposed to in the home? What does this cause?

A

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) - burned nonstick cookware, ovens in self-cleaning mode, burning butter or oils, candles, or air fresheners

  • irreversible diffuse pulmonary edema/congestion
  • regurgitation
  • dyspnea
  • ataxia
  • sudden death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are birds that inhaled toxins treated? What is prognosis like?

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • diuretics
  • bronchodilators
  • anti-inflammatories
  • antimicrobials

poor —> lung changes likely irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 most common cause of nasal discharge in birds?

A
  1. accumulation of dead cells, dust, or debris
  2. FB
  3. squamous metaplasia from hypovitaminosis A
  4. rhinitis

(common for healthy birds to sneeze several times a day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common cause of periorbital swelling? What are 4 etiologies?

A

conditions affected the infraorbital sinus

  1. sinusitis
  2. granuloma - associated with hypovitaminosis A
  3. trauma
  4. orbital mass - abscess, neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of tracheal disease in birds? How is it treated?

A
  1. infectious - bacterial, fungal
  2. FB
  3. stenosis

air sac cannulation to buy time to allow the removal of tracheal lesion via endoscopy (size limitations!) or transtracheally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Approach to tracheal FB:

A

transtracheal - push FB cranially from behind and pop it out of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is indicative of pneumonia on radiographs? When is this most commonly seen?

A

loss of honeycomb pattern

aspiration pneumonia in gavage fed hatchlings/young birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 2 most common cause of air sac rupture? How are they treated?

A
  1. trauma - SQ emphysema, create a circular defect in the skin and allow healing via second intention
  2. chronic form - occlusion between cervicocephalic air sac and infraorbital sinus, treatment more difficult
30
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of hepatic lipidosis in birds?

A
  1. high fat diet (seeds!)
  2. sedentary lifestyle
  3. nutritional deficiencies (biotin)

(fatty liver disease)

31
Q

What are some clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis?

A
  • lethargy, anorexia
  • dyspnea
  • biliverdinuria
  • regurgitation
  • PU/PD
  • distended coelom
  • neurologic signs
32
Q

What 4 things are seen on blood work in cases of hepatic lipidosis?

A
  1. lipemic serum/plasma
  2. hepatocellular damage - increased AST, GLDH, BA
  3. liver dysfunction - decreased TP, ALB, UA, coagulation factors
  4. impaired gluconeogenesis - decreased glucose
33
Q

What is seen on imaging in cases of hepatic lipidosis? What gives a definitive diagnosis?

A
  • RADIOGRAPH - enlarged cardiohepatic silhouette
  • U/S - hyperechoic liver with rounded margins +/- ascites

histopathology

34
Q

How is hepatic lipidosis treated?

A
  • aggressive supportive care
  • lactulose - binds ammonia
  • improve nutrition (less fats/seeds, supplement deficiencies)
  • gradual weight loss plan with exercise encouragement
35
Q

What are 3 additional causes of liver disease in birds?

A
  1. HEPATOTOXINS - mycotoxins, heavy metals (Zn, Pb), drugs —> fibrosis, cirrhosis
  2. HEPATITIS - bacterial, fungal, viral
  3. NEOPLASIA
36
Q

What are 6 risk factors that increase chances of developing primary crop stasis?

A
  1. crop infection
  2. dehydration
  3. crop burn - young hand-fed birds
  4. impaction
  5. FB
  6. over-stretching of crop
37
Q

What are 4 risk factors that increase chances of developing secondary crop stasis?

A
  1. systemic infection causing ileus - Eimeria, Polyomavirus, septicemia
  2. toxicity - lead
  3. PDD - Bornavirus
  4. hypothermia
38
Q

What diagnostics are used for crop stasis? What are 4 treatments?

A

crop cytology/culture to determine underlying cause

  1. crop wash - remove all contents
  2. supportive care - heat support, fluids
  3. treat underlying disease
  4. over-stretched - ingluviectomy, crop bra
39
Q

What 4 structures may be seen within cloacal prolapses? What are 4 causes?

A

oviduct, ureters, intestines/coprodeum, cloacal tissues

  1. chronic egg laying
  2. constipation/tenesmus - cloacitis, cloacaliths, enteritis, obstruction
  3. excessive sexual/masturbatory behavior
  4. idiopathic/behavioral
40
Q

How are cloacal prolapses treated?

A
  • ID tissue
  • assess viability
  • if viable - reduce, replace, retain (lateral vent sutures)
  • if non-viable - debride, euthanize
  • determine underlying cause for prevention
41
Q

In what birds is renal disease most common? What clinical signs are associated?

A

geriatric birds - poor husbandry, diet, infection, neoplasia

  • PU/PD
  • depression
  • lameness
  • visceral/articular gout (advanced, poorer prognosis)
42
Q

What diagnostics are used for renal disease?

A
  • BLOOD WORK = persistent hyperuricemia, leukocytosis
  • RADIOGRAPHS = renomegaly, mineralization
  • BIOPSY = histopath
43
Q

How is renal disease treated?

A
  • fluid therapy
  • improve diet
  • colchicine/allopurinol
  • pain medication for gout
44
Q

What birds are most commonly affected by renal neoplasia? What is the most common presentation?

A

Budgerigars —> nephroblastomas, renal adenocarcinomas (poor prognosis)

unilateral leg lameness, weakness, paralysis, or ataxia (sciatic n)

+/- diarrhea
+/- dyspnea
+/- coelomic distention
+/- weight loss

45
Q

What testicular neoplasia is common in birds? What does this result in? What clinical signs are seen?

A

Sertolic cell tumors —> male Budgerigars

hyperestrogenemai

  • hyperostosis
  • cere color change from blue to brown
  • unilateral leg lameness/paresis (close to kidneys, sciatic n)
  • coelomic distention and dyspnea in other species
46
Q

How is phallic prolapse treated?

A

only reproductive, can be amputated

47
Q

What is the difference between egg binding and dystocia?

A

EGG BINDING = failure of egg to pass through oviduct at a normal rate

DYSTOCIA = egg causing obstruction

48
Q

What are the 3 most common dystocia locations?

A
  1. caudal uterus
  2. vagina
  3. junction of vaginal and cloaca
49
Q

What are 8 predisposing factors to dystocia?

A
  1. muscle dysfunction
  2. sedentary lifestyle
  3. obesity
  4. stress
  5. infection
  6. systemic disease
  7. damage to the uterus from a previous egg
  8. malformed egg
50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with egg binding/dystocia? How is it diagnosed?

A

(metabolic derangement)

  • depression, lethargy
  • unwilling to fly
  • wide-based stance
  • straining
  • fluffed, at bottom of enclosure
  • tail bob
  • compressive effects = lameness, circulatory issues

PE and diagnostic imaging

51
Q

How are patients stabilized prior to treating for egg binding/dystocia? What are 6 options for removing the egg?

A

fluids, antibiotics, lubrication of prolapsed tissue

  1. create a warm, humid, quiet environment
  2. calcium supplementation
  3. oxytocin
  4. prostaglandin - Lutylase, PGE2, Propodyl gel, Misoprostol
  5. manual manipulation - ovocentesis
  6. salpingotomy, salpinohysterectomy (if all else fails)
52
Q

What is egg yolk coelomitis? What history and secondary concurrent diseases are associated?

A

inflammation caused by yolk free in the coelom (typically aseptic)

recent reproductive activity

  • ovarian neoplasia
  • oviductal impaction
  • chronic obesity
53
Q

What clinical signs are associated with egg yolk coelomitis?

A
  • depression/lethargy
  • coelomic distention +/- ascites
  • dyspnea - mass effect,
54
Q

What are 5 options for diagnosing egg yolk coelomitis?

A
  1. CBC - variable, hypercholesterolemia
  2. BIOCHEM - variable
  3. COELOMOCENTESIS - cytology + culture
  4. IMAGING - coelomic fluid or hyperostosis on radiographs and U/S
  5. LAPAROSCOPY
55
Q

How is egg yolk coelomitis treated?

A
  • analgesics/anti-inflammatories
  • coelomocentesis
  • fluid therapy
  • antibiotics
  • celiotomy

(common in chickens bred to lay eggs often)

56
Q

What is considered chronic egg laying? In what birds is this most common? What causes it?

A

laying larger than normal clutches or multiple cluthes regardless of the presence of a mate or proper season

Budgies, Cockatiels, Lovebirds

presence of reproductively stimulating toys/objects or mate-like bonding with a particular owner

57
Q

What are 4 aspects to treating chronic egg laying?

A
  1. behavioral/environmental modification - remove reproductively stimulating toys, restrict access to nesting environments/material, decreased photoperiod to 8-10 hours, limit exposure to perceived mate
  2. diet - low fat/reduced calories
  3. hormones - Deslorelin implant, Lupron injections
  4. remove source - salpingohysterectomy
58
Q

What are some common sources of lead?

A
  • weights
  • solder
  • galvanized wire
  • bells
  • shotgun shells
  • costume jewelry
  • batteries
  • lead-based paints
  • mirror backs
59
Q

What are 6 clinical signs associated with lead toxicosis?

A
  1. lethargy/depression
  2. vomiting, diarrhea
  3. PU/PD
  4. anorexia
  5. neurological signs - weakness, ataxia, seizures
  6. hematuria
60
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing lead toxicosis? What are 3 other diagnostics that can be used?

A

blood Pb levels

  1. CBC - leukocytosis, hypochromic regeneratice anemia, cytoplasmic ballooning and basophilic stiplling of RBCs in blood smears
  2. BIOCHEM - elevated LDH, AST, BA, and CK
  3. RADIOGRAPHS - radiopaque metal density in GIT
61
Q

What are 3 aspects to treating lead toxicosis?

A
  1. chelation - CaEDTA
  2. supportive therapy - control seizures, antimicrobials, fluids, nutritional support (gavage)
  3. remove lead particles - bulk diets, cathartics, surgical removal
62
Q

What are common sources of zinc?

A
  • hardware cloth in homemade cages
  • clappers in bells of cheap bird toys
  • screws, nuts, bolts
  • US pennies made after 1983
63
Q

What are 6 clinical signs associated with zinc toxicosis?

A
  1. lethargy/depression
  2. vomiting, diarrhea
  3. PU/PD
  4. anorexia
  5. neurologic signs - weakness, ataxia, seizures
  6. acute death

(same as lead)

64
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing zinc toxicosis in birds? What are 3 other options? How is it treated?

A

blood Zn levels

  1. CBC - leukocytosis, hypochromic regenerative anemis
  2. BIOCHEM - increased LDH, AST, BA, CK +/- lipase, amylase
  3. RADIOGRAPHS - radiopaque metal density in GIT
65
Q

What toxic principle results in avocado toxicosis in birds? What does it cause? What are 4 clinical signs?

A

R-enantiomer of persin —> present in leaves, fruit, bark, and seeds

myocardial necrosis

  1. dyspnea
  2. SQ edema
  3. pericardial effusion
  4. acute death

(supportive therapy, poor prognosis)

66
Q

Diabetes mellitus is rare in birds. What species typically get it? How is is diagnosed and treated?

A

toucans and smaller psittacines

assess for glucosuria and measure serum insulin

insulin + high fiber diet

67
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism in birds? What are the 2 most common signs?

A

all-seed diets

  1. metabolic bone disease in young growing birds
  2. hypocalcemic associated seizures
68
Q

How is hyperparathyroidism in birds treated?

A
  • correct diet (balance out seeds)
  • supplement Ca and vit D
69
Q

What clinical signs of hypothyroidism are seen in birds? How is it diagnosed and treated?

A
  • obesity
  • alopecia —> lack growing feathers

TSH stim test

thyroxine supplementation

70
Q

In what birds is goiter most common? What is it? How is it treated?

A

Budgies fed a seed-based diet low in iodine

hypertrophy of the thyroid, which causes partial obstruction of the esophagus and trachea —> dyspnea, regurgitation

supplement iodine and fix diet

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions