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Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Avian Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Avian Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What can make spread of zoonotic avian diseases more wide-spread?

A

migration and flight of wild birds

  • infectious disease has been the cause of extinction!
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2
Q

What avian species typically are affected by Polyomavirus infection? Which are most at risk? How is it transmitted?

A

all psittacines

nestling age Budgies and Parakeets, especially those that are hand raised

inhalation from droppings and feather/skin dander - common in multi-bird facilities

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3
Q

When does infection of Polyomavirus occur in Buderigars? What 5 clinical signs are associated? How long do they shed?

A

within a few days of hatching (10-20 days)

  1. ascites
  2. crop stasis
  3. acute death
  4. feather abscence/malformation
  5. survivors are often stunted with malformed/missing feathers (French molt)

until at least 6 m/o

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4
Q

When does infection of Polyomavirus occur in other psittacines? What 5 clinical signs are associated? How long do they shed?

A

at feathering (4-6 weeks) - all ages susceptible, adults tend to be asymptomatic

  1. acute death
  2. swollen coelom due to hepatomegaly
  3. depression, weight loss
  4. crop stasis
  5. bruising, hemorrhage

several weeks, small percent can shed for life

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5
Q

Polyomavirus:

A

BUDGIES - stunted growth with feather loss = French molt

  • L is 6 months old and should be fully feathered by now
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6
Q

What antemortem and postmortem diagnostics are available for Polyomavirus infection?

A

ANTEMORTEM - PCR using DNA from cloacal swabs, blood, feather dander, or tissue samples; histopath with basophilic IN and IC inclusions

POSTMORTEM - pale muscles, SQ and cardiac ecchymoses, pale/enlarged liver

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7
Q

How is Polyomavirus infection treated? Prevented?

A

supportive care - poor prognosis

  • maximize nursery husbandry - only keep hatchlings from same source together, stop breeding 6 mo to 1 yr and move adults to disinfect
  • commercial vaccine
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8
Q

What does psittacine herpesvirus-1 infection cause? What species are most commonly affected? How is it transmitted?

A

Pacheco’s disease - high morbidity and mortality with asymptomatic carriers for life

all psittacines, most commonly New World - Macaws, Parrots

feces and respiratory secretions - 5-14 day incubation

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9
Q

What 3 clinical signs are associated with PsHV-1 infection? What antemortem diagnostics are used?

A

Pacheco’s disease:

  1. acute death
  2. severe hepatitis = biliverdinuria and yellow regurgitation/diarrhea
  3. papillomatosis in survivors

increased AST, leukopenia, PCR on blood, choana, cloaca

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10
Q

What are 4 postmortem lesions seen with PsHV-1 infection? What is seen on histopathology?

A
  1. hepatosplenomegaly
  2. renomegaly
  3. hepatic necrosis
  4. pericardial hemorrhage

eosinophilic IN inclusion bodies

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11
Q

What treatment is recommended for PsHV-1 infection?

A
  • supportive care
  • Acyclovir

(poor prognosis)

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12
Q

What is a common development with PsHV-1 infection in survivors and asymptomatic carriers? What is associated? What clinical signs are seen?

A

papillomatosis of oral mucosa, cloaca, or GIT

bile duct carcinoma and pancreatic duct carcinoma (internal papillomatosis)

  • hematochezia
  • tenesmus
  • dyspnea/wheezing
  • ptyalism
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13
Q

How are PsHV-1 papillomas treated?

A
  • analgesia
  • cautery or surgical excision
  • antibiotics if ulcerated

recurrence is common!

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14
Q

What causes Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)? What psittacines are most commonly affected? How is it transmitted?

A

Circovirus

juveniles - especially cockatoos

feces, feathers, fomites, crop secretions - 3 weeks to several years of incubation

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15
Q

What signs are associated with PBFD?

A
  • progressive feather loss (infects feather pulp) with delayed molt
  • hyperkeratosis of feather sheath
  • beak necrosis common in cockatoos
  • immunosuppression = secondary infection
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16
Q

What diagnosis is preferred for PBFD?

A
  • PCR on blood, feces, and feathers
  • include healthy individuals —> if +, isolate and retest in 3 months
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17
Q

What treatment is recommended for PBFD? How is spread prevented?

A

supportive care —> poor prognosis

  • isolate/euthanize infected birds
  • quarantine and screen new birds
  • treat the environment
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18
Q

What causes Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)? What species are most commonly affected? How is it transmitted?

A

Bronavirus

all psittacines - rarer in smaller parrots

fecal-oral

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PDD? What does this result in?

A

infects autonomic nerve ganglia, resulting in paralysis and dilatation of the proventriculus

despite normal appetite, the infected bird will lose weight and body condition (previously known as Macaw wasting disease)

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20
Q

What 5 clinical signs are associated with PDD?

A
  1. lethargy
  2. weight loss
  3. regurgitation
  4. maldigestion = undigested feed in feces
  5. neurological signs
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21
Q

What 3 antemortem diagnostics are used for PDD? What is seen on necropsy?

A
  1. radiographs/fluoroscopy - enlarged proventriculus
  2. PCR of choana, cloaca, or feces - intermittent shedding, must have 3 negative tests for a true negative
  3. biopsy of crop/proventriculus - lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of autonomic nerve ganglia

enlarged proventriculus

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22
Q

PDD, radiographs:

A
  1. normal
  2. moderate outpouching to the left of the cardiohepatic silhouette
  3. severe dilatation of proventriculus with ventriculus displacement
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23
Q

What treatments are recommended for PDD? How is it prevented?

A
  • easily digested food
  • NSAIDs - Meloxicam, Celebrex

isolate positive birds and quarantine new birds for up to 6 months and screen

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24
Q

What are the primary hosts of WNV? What are 3 methods of transmission?

A

birds —> corvids, raptors, and ratites develop clinical signs

  1. mosquito vectors
  2. close contact
  3. feces and saliva
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25
Q

What signs are associated with WNV infection in birds?How is it diagnosed?

A

neuro signs and sudden death

Western blot

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26
Q

What treatment is recommended for WNV? How is it prevented?

A

supportive care

  • vaccinate susceptible birds with equine vaccine
  • mosquito control
27
Q

What transmits Poxvirus? What are the 3 forms of disease?

A

biting insects

  1. acute septicemic - very rare
  2. wet pox - diphtheroid oral cavity, trachea
  3. cutaneous/dry pox
28
Q

What are 2 options for diagnosing Poxvirus infection? What treatment is recommended?

A
  1. impression smear - IC eosinophilic inclusion bodies
  2. histology
  • typically self-limiting and resolves in 3-4 weeks
  • supportive care
  • systemic antibiotics
29
Q

What is the normal microbial microflora of birds like? In what birds are bacterial infections most common?

A

G+ rods and G+ cocci; not all G- are bad, pair with history and clinical signs

young birds

30
Q

What causes Chlamydophilosis in birds? What birds are most susceptible?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

any aged parrot species (Cockatiels and Budgies tend to be asymptomatic) —> ZOONOTIC and REPORTABLE, causes flu-like symptoms in reptiles and other mammals

31
Q

How is Chlamydophilosis transmitted? What is prognosis like?

A

direct - feces, nasal.ocular d/c, feather dust —> incubates 3 or more weeks within elementary bodies

good if caught early

32
Q

What are the 2 most common signs of Chlamydophilosis? What else is seen? How do asymptomatic carriers present?

A
  1. conjunctivitis
  2. rhinitis - nasal d/c, sneezing
  • depression, anorexia, weight loss
  • biliverdineuria
  • hepatic, renal, or GI involvement

develop clinical signs in times of stress

33
Q

When should samples be taken in patients with suspected Chlamydophilosis? What are 4 options for diagnostics?

A

while showing signs —> subclinical = not shedding, difficult to diagnose

  1. PCR of feces or nasal/ocular d/c + serology on blood, choana/cloacal swab
  2. IFA or culture
  3. radiographs - splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
  4. bloodwork - leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymes
34
Q

What postmortem diagnostics is used for Chlamydophilosis? How is it prevented?

A

histopath - hepatic necrosis and inflammation

  • test repeatedly for boarding
  • screen large aviaries with a pooled sample
  • consider all birds sharing the airspace exposed!
35
Q

How is Chlamydophilosis treated?

A
  • prolonged Tetracycline for a minimum of 45 days
  • disinfect environment with detergent, like bleach
  • there is only short-lived immunity following infection, recurrence is common!

(REPORTABLE)

36
Q

What causes Salmonellosis in birds? How is it transmitted?

A

Salmonella spp

fecal oral —> ZOONOTIC, commonly seen in immunocompromised and can be passed back to birds

37
Q

What 4 clinical signs are associated with Salmonellosis in birds? How does subacute disease commonly present? What happens to survivors?

A
  1. anorexia, lethargy, dehydration
  2. diarrhea
  3. GI stasis
  4. dyspnea

CNS signs, dyspnea, renal/liver/spleen damage

carriers with clinical signs in the future with stress events

38
Q

What antemortem and postmortem diagnostics are used for Salmonellosis?

A

ANTEMORTEM - fecal culture, requires 3 negatives to confirm

POSTMORTEM - muscle degeneration, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, air sacculitis, nephropathy, gastroenteritis

39
Q

What treatment is recommended for Salmonellosis?

A
  • antibiotics
  • disinfect environment
  • cull carriers
  • autogenous inactivated vaccine
40
Q

What causes avian tuberculosis? What birds are most commonly infected? What clinical signs are associated?

A

Mycobacterium avium

immunocompromised (ZOONOTIC!)

  • lethargy
  • chronic wasting, poor feathering
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal distension
  • SQ masses
  • acute death
41
Q

What are 4 options for diagnosing avian tuberculosis?

A
  1. acid fast stain of feces, aspirates of granulomas, or tissues
  2. PCR/DNA probes
  3. culture - requires special media
  4. bloodwork - severe leukocytosis
42
Q

What treatment for avian tuberculosis is recommended?

A
  • prolonged supportive therapy + isolate for years
  • euthanasia
43
Q

How does Aspergillus appear microscopically? How does it infect birds?

A

septate hyphae with dichotomous branching

ubiquitous in the environment and NOT contagious - depends on host immunity, agent, and environmental factors (hot, humid)

44
Q

Where are Aspergillosis infections most common in birds? How is it transmitted? What is prognosis like?

A

lower respiratory tract —> hot and humid air sacs and airways (+ syrinx) —> may also cause nasal granulomas

inhalation —> causes infection with stress and illness

good with early recognition and treatment

45
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Aspergillosis?

A
  • dyspnea
  • voice change with syrinx involvement —> may need air sac cannulation
  • nasal granulomas common in Amazon parrots
  • exercise intolerance
  • anorexia, weight loss
  • lethargy
  • diarrhea
46
Q

What are some options for diagnosing Aspergillosis? What is the most successful?

A
  • history - overcrowding, poor diet, poor ventilation, chronic stress
  • CBC - severe leukocytosis
  • serum protein electrophoresis - increased GLOB
  • cytology
  • culture - extended time required for fungi
  • PCR
  • radiology - radiopaque air sacs/airways (increased pulmonary density

ENDOSCOPY - observes granulomas, can administer treatment or remove them

47
Q

Aspergillosis, endoscopy:

A
48
Q

What 4 treatments are recommended for Aspergillosis? What monitoring is done during treatment?

A
  1. surgical debridement of large lesions
  2. antifungals - Azoles, Terbinafine, Amphotericin B (PO, topical, nebulization)
  3. supportive care
  4. improve husbandry

serial radiographs/endoscopy + Galactomannan titers

49
Q

What gastric yeast most commonly infects birds? What birds are most commonly affected? What does it cause?

A

Macrohabdus ornithogaster - likely opportunistic

Budgerigars - rare in large psittacines

  • proventriculitis
  • crop stasis
  • distal GI lesions
50
Q

What clinical signs are associated with avian gastric yeast infections? How is it diagnosed?

A
  • weight loss
  • anorexia with good appetite
  • regurgitation - thick, mucoid, commonly caked on feathers
  • maldigestion
  • diarrhea

fecal smear with Lugol’s iodine or phase contrast microscopy +/- PCR

51
Q

What treatment is recommended for avian gastric yeast infections?

A
  • Amphotericin B (some resistance associated)
  • Itraconazole
  • supportive cafre
52
Q

What causes Candidiasis in birds? What does it cause? What environments are infections most common?

A

Candida albicans - budding yeast +/- pseudohyphae ubiquitous in the environment, infection suggests immunosuppression

crop mycosis, thrush, sour crop

high humidity and temperature —> hand reared, weanlings in brooders, tropical environments

53
Q

Other than immunosuppression, what causes Candidiasis?

A
  • prolonged antibiotics use
  • diets high in sugars and carbohydrates
54
Q

What signs are indicative of Candidiasis?

A
  • thickened crop = Turkish towel
  • caseous plaques in oropharynx, crop, and esophagus
  • weight loss with normal appetite
  • crop stasis
  • regurgitation
  • loose feces with foul odor
55
Q

What 3 diagnostics are used for Candidiasis?

A
  1. wet mount of Gram stain of lesions, crop wash, or feces
  2. culture
  3. histopath - epithelial hyperplasia

(difficult, considered a normal commensal organism)

56
Q

What treatment is recommended for Candidiasis?

A
  • Ketoconazole or Itraconazole
  • Nystatin or Amphotericin B
  • improve husbandry
57
Q

What is the scaly leg mite? What birds are most commonly infected? How are they transmitted?

A

Knemidokoptes spp —> burrowing mite observed in featherless areas

Budgies or Passerines

direct

58
Q

What sign is indicative of scaly leg mite infection? How is it diagnosed? What treatment is recommended?

A
  • feather loss around beak and eyes
  • SEVERE = hyperkeratosis of facial skin, beak, and legs

direct visualization or tape prep

Ivermectin + treat environment

59
Q

What are the 2 most common GI parasites in birds?

A
  1. Giardia
  2. Sarcocystis
60
Q

How is Giardia transmitted? What signs are commonly seen?

A

fecal oral

  1. weight loss
  2. failure to thrive
  3. diarrhea
  4. feather destructive behavior in Cockatiels and Budgies due to malabsorption and hypersensitivites
61
Q

What 2 diagnostics are used for Giardia infections? What treatment is recommended?

A
  1. direct smear - flagellate protozoa
  2. ELISA

Metronidazole

62
Q

How is Sarcocystis transmitted? What are the 4 clinical forms?

A

ingestion of infected insects or feces from opossums

  1. acute pulmonary disease
  2. neurologic disease
  3. muscular disease
  4. myocarditis
63
Q

What 2 diagnostics are used for Sarcocystis? Treatment?

A
  1. antemortem muscle biopsy and IFA
  2. necropsy shows hemorrhagic lungs and parasite ID

Pyrimethamine + TMS, pest control (opossum = DH and defecate sporocysts)

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

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