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Exotics and Emerg > Avian health and clinical techniques > Flashcards

Avian health and clinical techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What are the categories of -“formes” and what types of bird are in each

A

-Psittaciformes: parrots, budgies
-Passeriformes: song birds
-Columbiforms: pigeons/doves
-Falconiformes: birds of prey
-Galliformes: poultry
-Ansereiformes: Ducks/geese/swans

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2
Q

What is a good diet for a parrot

A

-Home cooked: grain, fruit/veg, vitamins/minerals, less than 10% seeds/nuts (cause obesity)
-or: 80% pellets with correct supplements plus fruit/veg

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3
Q

What dietary deficiencies are psittacines prone to

A

-Hypovitaminosis A
-Iodine
-Hypocalcemia

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4
Q

What is the preservation reflex

A

-A reflex in prey species to remain inconspicuous and mask signs of ill health until too ill to care

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5
Q

What are injection sites in birds

A

-Intramuscular (very common and useful)
-Subcutaneous (not a lot of skin so need to be careful, inguinal web common site)
-Intravenous (brachial vein)
-Intraosseous

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6
Q

What are common veins used for getting blood from birds

A

-Jugular vein
-Brachial vein
-Metatarsal (good in birds of prey, water fowl)

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7
Q

What percent of body weight should you not exceed when taking blood from birds

A

1% body weight to ensure you don’t take too much

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8
Q

What parameters are on the blood profile of birds (and reptiles)

A

-AST/CK
-Bile acid
-Glucose
-Total protein/albumin
-Uric acid
-Calcium/phosphate
-PCV (have to do normal count unless you have machine that does non-mammals)

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9
Q

What is the difference in appearance of a healthy and sick bird

A

-Healthy: eye round, plumage unruffled, alert
-Sick: fluffed up feathers, droopy eyelids, lethargic

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10
Q

What are some signs of a sick bird and what sign can mean a bird is critically ill

A

-Anorexia (usually eat all the time so not eating for half a day can mean sick)
-Sleeps a lot
-Stops talking
-Decreased activity
-Tail bobbing (means increased resp effort)
-Critically ill if bird on floor

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11
Q

Why should you never pick up a sick bird if you think it has respiratory issues

A

Bird can die in your hands if tachypneic, needs urgent O2 and supportive care, stabilize before picking up

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12
Q

How should you treat a sick bird

A

-Fluids (get gout if dehydrated)
-Nutrition support (endotherms, high demand for food)

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13
Q

How to tell if bird is dehydrated

A

-Skin tenting not useful
-Basiilic vein >2sec refill=7% dehydrated
-PCV/TP raised
-Quick guideline: sick bird=10% dehydrated

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14
Q

What route do you administer fluids for mild and moderate/severe dehydration in birds

A

-Mild: subcut and oral route
-Moderate/severe: brachial vein, jugular, metatarsal vein (big birds), Intraosseous (small birds)

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15
Q

What speed should you deliver fluids to a dehydrated bird

A

Give 1/2 in first 24 hours
Maintenance is 75-100ml/kg
Give as bolus injection

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16
Q

What can you do to offer nutritional support to the bird

A

-Give familiar foods and provide bright lights to stimulate appetite
-Offer tasty food
-Syringe feed
-Gavage/crop tube

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17
Q

What to feed bird when sick

A

-Baby food
-Juvenile formula
-Avian convalescent feed
-Fruit purée
-Hills A/D (carnivorous)

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18
Q

Should you be concerned if bird is not pooping

A

-Yes, if not pooping, means not eating. Budgies poop 25–50x per day
-If poop absent, starvation or GIT blockage
-If lime green, liver issue (biliverdin) can be Chlamydia, starvation

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19
Q

What can cause polyuria in birds

A

-Stress
-Egg laying hens (phosphate diuresis)
-Fruit diet
-Renal/diabetes

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20
Q

How can you distribute medication to a bird

A

-Parenteral (subcut, IM)
-Nebuliser
-Crop tube
-oral dosing
-Mixed into food
-Water (not so good unless very minor problem)

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21
Q

Why should you not use cortisone creams on birds

A

-skin is too thin, absorb too easily and cause adrenal crisis
-use water soluble creams only

22
Q

What type of antibiotics and antifungals are used in birds

A

-Antibiotics: penicillins, fluoroquinolones, doxycycline
-Antifungals: Itraconazole, voriconazole

23
Q

What types of analgesia can be used in birds

A

-Opioids: butorphanol (know this works because we know birds have kappa receptors), buprenorphine
-NSAIDs (if renals ok/not dehydrated): carprofen, meloxicam

24
Q

Why is respiratory disease common in birds

A

-Avascular air sacs
-No diaphragm
-Hypovitaminosis A
-Birds mask signs of disease
-Present late in illness

25
Q

What is normal respiration in birds

A

-15-50 breaths per minute (slow in big birds, high in small birds)
-No resp effort, no mouth breathing

26
Q

What are clinical signs of respiratory disease in birds

A

-Nasal discharge
-Head/tail bobbing
-Increased RR
-Voice changes
-Decreased activity
-Low perching
-Anorexia
-Fluffed appearance

27
Q

What issues cause URT disease in the nares of birds

A

-Hypovitaminosis A
-Bacterial infections
-Cnemidicoptic mange

28
Q

What issues cause conjunctivitis in birds

A

-Chlamydia, mycoplasma (common in cockatiels)

29
Q

What signs do you see of sinusitis and what causes it

A

-Ocular discharge
-Periorbital swellings
-Caseous pus
-Mycoplasma, Chlamydia

30
Q

How do you treat URT disease in birds

A

-Improve diet, wean onto pellets
-Vitamin A in diet
-Sinus flush
-Antibiotics (enrofloxacin, doxycycline)
-Improve ventilation and humidity

31
Q

What are the most common causes of lower respiratory tract and where does it affect in birds

A

-Most common causes: Chlamydia psittaci, Aspergillus fumigatus
-Affects: lungs, airsacs, trachea and syrinx
-Airsaculitis more common presentation than pneumonia

32
Q

What are signs of LRT disease in birds

A

-Open mouth breathing
-Increased thoracic movement
-Tail bobbing
-Voice changes
-Inappetence, vomiting

33
Q

What is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis) and how is it spread in birds

A

-Intracellular bacteria, mostly Chlamydia psittaci
-Aerosol spread from dried feces

34
Q

What things are important to know regarding the zoonotic affects of Psittacosis

A

-Causes flu like symptoms in humans
-Client education important
-Test all sick psittacines with resp signs, ocular signs, or diarrhea
-Notifiable disease

35
Q

What are clinical signs of psittacosis in birds

A

-Lethargy, inappetence
-Respiratory distress
-Conjunctivitis
-Lime green feces no urates
-Diarrhea

36
Q

How do we diagnosis psittacosis and what is the treatment in birds

A

-Diagnosis: Fecal ELISA, serology, PCR on conjunctiva, choana, cloaca, or feces (diagnosis difficult due to intermittent shedding). Can also do ancillary tests such as WCC for leucocytosis, raised liver enzymes, and enlarged spleen/liver on radiography
-Treatment: 7 weeks of doxycycline, monitor response with PCR
NEVER CERTIFY 100% FREE

37
Q

What is the most common cause of avian fungal disease

A

-Aspergillus fumigatus

38
Q

What is the difference between the acute and chronic forms of Aspergillus

A

-Acute: high exposure to spores, military foci in lung, acute onset dyspnea, sudden death
-Chronic form: sick bird, weight loss, voice changes, dyspnea, decreased activity, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting

39
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus in birds

A

-Diagnosis: radiography, endoscopy (most useful tool)
-Treatment: Itraconazole PO, Voriconazole, nebulise, surgical removal of granulomata, supportive therapy

40
Q

Why do birds moult and when does it happen

A

-Erupted feathers are dead at maturity
-Need to be replaced after wear and tear
-Normal process takes 2-3 weeks
-Often post-breeding season
-Affected by photoperiod, nutrition, disease, ambient temperature

41
Q

What malnutritional deficiencies are common causes of skin problems in birds

A

-Hypovitaminosis A
-Hypovitaminosis E
-Lysine

42
Q

What other issues can hypovitaminosis A lead to

A

-Squamous cell metaplasia
-Swellings around orbit, mandibles and mouth
-Rhinoliths

43
Q

What condition do the mite Cnemidocoptes cause in birds and how is it treated

A

-Causes scaly beak/cnemidocoptic mange
-Treated with topical spot on diluted ivermectin (Ivomec)

44
Q

What are some causes and the treatment for pododermatitis in birds

A

-Causes: obesity, confident, bad perches, lack of VitA, amputation of one foot causing pressure sores on the remaining foot
-Treatment: topical antibiotic (culture and sensitivity if severe), debride foot under GA, long term get branches instead of plastic perches, fix diet, increase flying

45
Q

What is Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD)

A

-Circovirus
-Induced by stress
-causes retained feather shaft within the follicle and clubbing of feathers

46
Q

What is the difference between the acute and chronic forms of of PBFD in birds

A

-Acute: hand reared birds, lethargy, leucopenia, Immunosuppression, often fatal
-Chronic: feather dyscrasias, shiny beak

47
Q

How is PBFD diagnosed, transmitted, and prevented in birds

A

-Diagnosis: PCR of blood, feather, bone marrow
-Transmission: via feces, powder down, egg
-Prevention: disinfection/quarantine, pre-purchase bloods

48
Q

What is polyoma virus and what are the forms

A

-Polyoma virus is a papovavirus
-Acute form: ‘French moult’, death in chicks, hand reared older chicks, causes subcut hemorrhages
-Chronic form : >2 weeks, causes feather dyscrasias
-Diagnosis with PCR on cloacal swab or feces

49
Q

What are causes of feather plucking in birds

A

-Environment: housing, cage mates, fumes, heating, nutrition, not enough enrichment
-Traumatic: keel bone injury
-Medical: ecto/endoparasites, hypovit A, liver disease, lead/zinc toxins, psittacosis, PFBD/polyoma
-Reproductive: sexual frustration at maturity (4-6 years), overstimulated gonads from owner petting
-Emotional: strong human bond can lead to OCD type self mutilation, seasonal

50
Q

How to diagnose and treat feather plucking in birds

A

-Diagnosis: feather plucking, CBC/biochem, PCR for PFBD/polyoma, psittacosis, fecal exam for giardia, heavy metal, radiography, endoscopy, skin or feather biopsy
-Treatment: improve nutrition, improve environment, treat root cause

51
Q

What are some treatments for pruritis in birds

A

-Antihistamines
-Essential fatty acids
-Avoid steroids
-Soother sprays
-NSAIDs
-Gabapentin

Exotics and Emerg (12 decks)

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