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Special Species > Avian Exam Pt.4 - Respiratory Dz > Flashcards

Avian Exam Pt.4 - Respiratory Dz Flashcards

1
Q

Organs included in the URT and LRT

A
  • Upper respiratory = nares, nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, syrinx
  • Lower respiratory = primary and secondary bronchi, parabronchi, lungs, air sacs
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2
Q

What structure lies in the upper beak? Anatomy?

A

> Sinus diverticulum of the infraorbital sinus

  • Extends into upper beak
  • Surrounds eye
  • Psittacines = left and right sinuses are connected
  • Passerines, columbidae = left and right sinuses are separated
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3
Q

Where do the sinuses reach in the head?

A
  • Beak
  • Behind the eye
  • Down the neck to the cervical air sac
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4
Q

Etiology for swellings around the eye in birds

A

Not ophthalmic, but RESPIRATORY (infraorbital sinusitis)

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5
Q

True or false - the nasal cavity connects with the oral cavity

A

TRUE - choanae, slit, glands (salivary glands), may see drainage out the mouth from the nasal cavities

  • Can breathe through their nose or mouth
  • Nasal discharge = serious respiratory disease
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6
Q

What is unique about the larynx in birds?

A

> Sits at the base of the tongue

  • Not a true larynx or glottis
  • Not covered by an epiglottis = physiologic resting position of the laryngeal cartilages is closed, needs to be opened if they want to inspire
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7
Q

What does having closed tracheal rings mean for birds?

A

NEVER use a cuffed tube for intubation

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8
Q

Fun anatomic differences in birds

A
  • Cervical trachea = highly mobile
  • Coiled in whooping cranes and trumpeter swans (allows them to vocalize)
  • Penguins = medial septum with compete separation
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9
Q

Location, purpose, and problems with the syrinx

A
  • Location = bifurcation of trachea (at heart base), where primary bronchi start
  • Comprised of modified tracheobronchial cartilages
  • Functions as the “voice box”
  • Vibrating membranes regulated by syringeal musculature = voice on expiration
  • Clavicular air sacs = act as a resonance body
  • Problem = narrowed diameter, prone to OBSTRUCTION
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10
Q

What is an osseous bulla and who has it?

A

Ossified syrinx seen on radiographs with male ducks

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11
Q

Anatomy of avian lungs

A
  • More rigid = don’t collapse
  • No pleural space
  • Primary bronchi run through the whole lung
  • Secondary and parabronchi
  • No alveoli
  • Large lung volume that doesn’t change with respiration = lung air sacs push air through the system
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12
Q

Anatomy of air sacs

A
  • FOR VENTILATION and air movement and storage only
  • Thin, transparent, distensible simple squamous epithelium
  • Poorly perfused = plays no role in gas exchange
  • Cervical, clavicular, 2x cranial and caudal thoracic, 2x abdominal air sacs
  • Pneumatized humerus and femur = diverticula of air sacs
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13
Q

Do birds have a diaphragm?

A

No

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14
Q

What problem does having a long/wide trachea cause?

A

More dead space

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15
Q

True or false - birds have a highly efficient gas exchange system

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Where do these signs localize you to? Sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal swelling, sinus/periocular swelling, head shaking, stridor

A

URT = nasal and sinus

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17
Q

Where do these signs localize you to? Dyspnea, exercise intolerance, voice change, open mouth breathing

A

Trachea and syrinx

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18
Q

Where do these signs localize you to? Tail bobbing, loss or change of voice, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, “coughing”, sounds on auscultation

A

Lower airway tract

19
Q

What non-respiratory structures may cause respiratory like disease?

A
  • Heart failure and pulmonary edema

- Air sac compresssion due to ascites, coelomitis, organomegaly (neoplasia, liver), obesity

20
Q

DDx: nasal discharge, granulomas, rhinoliths (3)

A

1) Hypovitaminosis A
2) Secondary fungal or bacterial infection
3) Choanal atresia and drainage problems

21
Q

DDx: sinusitis, ocular swelling (6)

A

1) Hypovitaminosis A
2) Neoplasia
3) Foreign bodies
4) Drainage problem with choanal atresia
5) Primary and secondary bacterial = Pasteurella and E. coli (poultry), Chlamydophila (+conj), Mycoplasma (finches + conj)
6) Fungal = Aspergillus

22
Q

Diagnostics and treatments for nasal infection

A
  • Dx = nasal flush = upside down to avoid aspiration, rehydrates mucosa = cytology (WBC’s, high bacterial counts), +/- culture (contaminated through mouth)
  • Tx = surgical + medical = best outcome (medical only = isolated infection), can try to repeatedly flush, open up and instill antibiotics
23
Q

Diseases of the trachea

A

1) Obstruction = foreign body (acutely dyspneic), post-intubation stenosis if cuffed (B+G macaws have anatomic tapering)
* Don’t move the ET tube once placed
2) Tracheitis = toxins (NH3), bacterial, fungal, viral = pox, amazon tracheitis virus (herpes)
3) Parasites

24
Q

Dx? Tx? Clicking noise from finch or canary, ADR

A

> Tracheal mite

  • Affects finches and canaries
  • Irritates trachea with excess mucus production
  • Dx = wash (difficult), response to tx
  • Tx = ivermectin
25
Q

Who is the intermediate and accidental/definitive hosts of gapeworms?

A
  • Intermed = earthworm
  • Host = poultry and waterfowl (zoo, aviary birds)
  • Tx = REMOVE ACCESS to earthworms, dewormers won’t work until then
26
Q

Diseases and prognosis of syrinx (2)

A

1) Foreign bodies
2) Fungal infection

  • Often extensive, infection grows towards oxygen and blocks the trachea and other bronchi
  • POOR prognosis
27
Q

General tx of tracheal and syringeal disease

A
  • Air sac catheter placement = only TEMPORARY (progresses to air saculitis)
  • Nebulization
  • Debridement
  • Topical treatments
  • Resection and anastamosis (usually successful)
28
Q

Diseases that affect the lungs (5)

A
  • Bacterial and fungal pneumonia
  • Rare = viral infection
  • Toxins = teflon and PFTE (acute lesions and dyspnea), smoke
  • Cardiogenic and pulmonary edema
  • Allergic
  • Asthma = to chronic environmental allergens
29
Q

Dx? Cause? Tx? SQ emphysema of the head

A

> Air sac rupture or hyperinflation

  • Occurs secondary to trauma, malnutrition, or laparoscopy
  • Acute trauma cases usually resolve
  • Tx = aspiration, but usually re-inflates, can try and place stents
30
Q

Why are the air sacs prone to infection?

A
  • Poorly vascularized
  • Low amounts of WBC delivered to the area
  • No mucociliary elevator clearance
31
Q

Dx? Weight loss, lethargy, high WBC counts (chronic nature), exercise intolerance, voice change, tachypnea, dyspnea, hyperinflation and consolidation of air sacs on radiographs

A

Aspergillosis

  • Acute = high spore number inhalation
  • Also in immunosuppressed (steroids) or stressed birds = more chronic in nature
32
Q

Common infectious agent with air sacculitis

A

Fungal = Aspergillosis

33
Q

Which species are highly susceptible to fungal aspergillosis?

A
  • African gray parrots
  • Pionus parrots
  • Other = falcon, snowy owl, swans, penguins (cool temps, not usually exposed but infected when you bring them to captivity)

> Less = cockatiel, macaw

34
Q

True or false - aspergillosis is contained to the air sac and lungs

A

False - can spread to the trachea, syrinx, or nasal cavities (diffuse or local)

35
Q

Main diagnostics of Aspergillosis

A
  • Endoscopy = most sensitive
  • Cytology
  • Biopsy
  • Fungal culture
  • PE and history (signalment)
  • CBC
  • Less sensitive = auscultation, radiographs
36
Q

Risk factors for developing Aspergillosis (2)

A

1) Straw bedding

2) Peanut ingestion with aflatoxins

37
Q

Tx of aspergillosis

A
  • Depends on if local or diffuse
  • Systemic antifungals = intracon, terbianfine, voriconazole ($$), ampho B
  • Nebulization with antifungals or antimicrobials
  • Topical tx with ampho B and debridement
  • Antibiotics if you suspect concurrent bacterial infection
  • Vit-A supplementation = supplement mucosal healing
  • Nutritional support
  • Weeks to months of tx
  • Prognosis = guarded to poor, relapses are common, keep checking WBC’s
38
Q

Normal and abnormal avian bacterial flora (GI, respiratory)

A
  • Normal = gram positive
  • Pathologic = gram negative (E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Chlamydophila, etc)
  • Mycobacterial infections can occur
39
Q

Diagnostics for GI and respiratory bacterial disease

A
  • Non-specific cytology of feces, choana, or crop
  • C&S of feces, choanal slit, or crop
  • Direct organ mass aspirate
  • Blood culture
  • Anaerobes, Mycobacteria, and Mycoplasma may be difficult to grown –> may try PCR
40
Q

E. coli (colibacillosis) infection - when do we treat?

A
  • Large numbers in fecal culture are usually significant - LOOK AT YOUR CLINICAL PICTURE (diarrhea?)
  • May lead to chronic granulomatous disease or septicemia
  • Control = prevent fecal contamination
  • More of a problem in poultry and wild birds, but can occur in pet birds
41
Q

Dx? Septicemia and polyarthritis in pigeons and chickens (not a problem in psittacines)

A

Salmonella

*Treat based on culture and sensitivity

42
Q

Dx? Opportunistic respiratory infections

A

Pasteurella
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella

*Treat based on culture and sensitivity

43
Q

True or false - is Chlamydophila gram negative intracellular bacteria

A

True

44
Q

Transmission and clinical signs of chlamydophila

A
  • Shed in feces and respiratory tract
  • Cockatiels = classic species, may be asymptomatic carriers
    + Lethargy, diarrhea, fluffed appearance, conjunctivitis

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