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Special Species > Avian Exam Pt. 3: Nutrition, GI Dz > Flashcards

Avian Exam Pt. 3: Nutrition, GI Dz Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gizzard?

A

Ventriculus

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2
Q

How do domestic avian diets vary from wild bird diets?

A
  • Seasonal variety
  • Foraging
  • Species differences
  • Base domestic diets off of their wild diets
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3
Q

Qualities of good avian captive diets

A
  • Contain all key nutrients in sufficient amounts
  • Palatable
  • Storable
  • Affordable
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4
Q

In respect to food, what would birds choose/prefer to eat?

A
  • Instinctively choose high-energy (often unhealthy) foods
  • Leads to an imbalanced diet, even if balanced diet is offered
  • DON’T LET THEM CHOOSE
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5
Q

True or false - seeds are healthy options for bird diets

A

FALSE - high in fat (french fry equivalent)

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6
Q

What should a proper avian diet include?

A
  • 70-80% = pellets = correct amount of proteins, minerals, vitamins, etc
  • 20-30% = vegetables, small amounts of fruit
  • Seeds and nuts = only as a treat
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7
Q

Which species of birds can have higher seed content in their diet?

A

Budgies and cockatiels (some seeds in the natural diet)

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8
Q

Which species of birds can have more nuts in their diet?

A

Macaws

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9
Q

Pros and cons of pelleted avian diets

A

> PROS = nutritionally balanced, avoids food selection, simple, clean, already supplemented
CONS = lack of enrichment (may have different colors and shapes), many bird may not eat

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10
Q

What percentage of the avian diet should include pelleted food?

A

70-80%

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11
Q

How much of the diet should include, and what type of vegetables?

A

20% of diet - feed low starch vegetables (feed raw, DON’T cook them, makes starch more available, leads to behavioral issues)

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12
Q

What vegetables should you NEVER feed birds?

A
  • Avocados = TOXIC
  • Corn, beans, grains = HIGH STARCH
  • Foods with high protein, high fat, or carbs = FATTENS the birds, used when you raise animals for meat
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13
Q

How much of the avian diet should include fruit?

A

5% or less

- Usually high in sugar - use as TREATS ONLY

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14
Q

Are vitamin supplements recommended in avian diets?

A
  • Only if a specific deficiency has been identified
  • If used = in FOOD and not in the water
  • NEVER with pelleted diets = already contains all supplements, can lead to vita-D oversupplementation
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15
Q

Who, and with what, do we supplement Ca++ in bird diets?

A

> Use Ca++ carbonate

  • NOT Ca++ phosphate
  • For any bird NOT on a pelleted diet
  • For any actively laying birds
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16
Q

What nuts/legumes are recommended to feed birds and which are not?

A
  • Preferred = almonds (higher in Ca++)
  • AVOID peanuts = high rate of mold contamination, may lead to aflatoxicosis
  • To birds that have beaks that can handle nuts
  • Only offer nuts WITH the shell
  • Macaws should always get nuts
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17
Q

Why are seed/nut based diets not good for birds? Acute and long term effects

A
  • Deficient in most nutrients
  • High in fat
  • Low in protein, Ca++, iodine, b-carotene, vitamins C, B, K
  • Allows for selective eating
  • Long term = poor feather quality, liver disease, obesity, heart and vascular disease
  • Lipomas
  • Beak overgrowth
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18
Q

Should we feed animal products to birds, why or why not?

A 
- Ex: cheese, meat, eggs
> NEVER FEED ANIMAL PRODUCTS
- High in fat and cholesterol
- Cholesterol = atherosclerosis 
- Occurs in Amazons, African greys, and macaws
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19
Q

Which birds are prone to obesity? (2)

A

1) Amazons

2) Macaws

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20
Q

What multisystemic problems does obesity cause? (4)

A

1) Hepatic lipidosis
2) Lipomas
3) Atherosclerosis
4) Arthritis

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21
Q

Treatment/prevention of obesity (3)

A

1) Controlled weight loss
2) Diet modification = switch them to a pelleted diet
3) Gradual exercise

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22
Q

Dx? Anorexia, depression, diarrhea, dyspnea, liver failure (elevated bile acids) - CAUSE?

A

> Hepatic lipidosis
- Cause = secondary to obesity (excessive fat and carb intake) and anorexia, uncommonly as a primary disorder

  • Dyspnea = compression of air sacs from hepatomegaly
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23
Q

Diagnostics for hepatic lipidosis (4)

A

1) Plasma bile acids (liver values aren’t helpful)
2) Radiographs
3) U/S
4) Liver biopsy for definitive dx

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24
Q

Treatment and prognosis for hepatic lipidosis

A

> Supportive and symptomatic

  • Prevent further mobilization of fat
  • Tube feedings
  • Vit-K PRN for clotting factors
  • Prognosis = varies, based on ability to correct underlying problems
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25
Q

Dx? Weakness, seizures, misshapen eggs, egg binding, abnormal growth, skeletal deformities (most commonly limbs)?

A

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

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26
Q

What can cause secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

> POOR DIET = low in Ca++, vitamin-D, or high in P
- Diets = all seed, all muscle meat diets

  • Metabolic bone disease = PTH is secreted, bone is resorbed, leads to osteopenia
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27
Q

Diagnosis of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A
  • PE and palpation
  • Total Ca++, iCa++, P
  • Radiographs to evaluate general bone density
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28
Q

Treatment of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Diet correction = pelleted diet
  • Ca, +/- vit-D supplementation
  • UV-B light supplementation (can’t get vit-D from meat)
  • Cage restriction to prevent pathologic fractures
    +/- Fracture repair
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29
Q

Dx? Tremors, behavioral abnormalities, and seizures in an African grey parrot

A

Hypocalcemia in African grey parrots

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30
Q

Treatment of hypocalcemia in African greys

A
  • Parenteral Ca++
  • Long term Ca++ dietary supplementation
  • UVB light treatment
  • MONITOR plasma Ca++ levels
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31
Q

Dx? URI, recurring bacterial infections, blunted choanal papillae, hyperkeratosis of skin or beak, nodular plaques in oral cavity, fungal infections - CAUSE?

A

Hypovitaminosis A - affects epithelial cells, not eating meat and there isn’t a large portion of beta-carotene precursors in all seed diets

*Most commonly affects the sinuses, oral cavity, and skin (glands and ducts lined with epithelium)

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32
Q

Treatment of hypovitaminosis A

A
  • Acutely = parenteral vit-A
  • Chronic = diet change = pelleted diet
  • Foods high in beta-carotene = dark leafy green and yellow/orange veggies
  • Consider oral supplementation
  • Parenteral supplementation risks iatrogenic overdose
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33
Q

Dx? Budgie with clavicular region swelling, voice changes, dyspnea, REGURGE

A

Thyroid hyperplasia due to IODINE DEFICIENCY

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34
Q

Diagnosis of budgie iodine deficiency

A
  • History = voice change, REGURGE (compress esophagus)
  • PE
  • Response to therapy
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35
Q

Treatment of iodine deficiency

A

Oral iodine supplementation

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36
Q

Dx? Feather abnormalities (depigmentation, delayed molting), arthritis - TX?

A

> Unspecific dietary deficiency

  • Suspect amino acid deficiencies
  • Dx = history, PE
  • Tx = balanced diet
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37
Q

Pros and cons of hand rearing parrots

A
  • Pros = tamer, avoids poor parenting, double clutching (lays two “litters”)
  • Cons = inexperienced owners can cause problems = beak malformation from syringe feeding, oral trauma, crop burns and fistulas from hot feeds
38
Q

What are nectivorous birds prone to developing? About their diet…

A

Iron storage disease

Ex: lories and lorikeets

  • Diet = messy and messy feces
  • Need to keep the diet clean, prone to bacterial contamination and yeast infections
39
Q

True or false - passerines do poorly on fortified seed diets

A

FALSE - works well, can’t manipulate the seeds with their beak so they’re ingesting the whole fortified seed

40
Q

True or false - some animal protein to passerines is ok

A

TRUE

41
Q

Dx? Liver disease, ascites, dyspnea, PU/PD

A

Iron storage disease

42
Q

What are mynahs (passerines), lories, lorikeets, toucans, and starlings prone to due to their diet?

A

Iron overload and iron storage disease

43
Q

Pathology of iron storage disease

A

Very efficient GI iron absorption + high iron diet = hemochromatosis

44
Q

Diagnosis of iron storage disease

A
  • High suspicion from signalment, history of improper diet, and PE
  • Radiographs
  • U/S
  • Liver biopsy = definitive dx
45
Q

Tx and prevention of iron storage disease

A
  • Tx = serial phlebotomy
  • Fe-chelating agents don’t work well, small margin of safety
  • Prevention = low Fe diet (<100 ppm), avoid citrus fruits (enhances Fe availability)
46
Q

True or false - you should not gut the prey of raptors or piscivorous birds

A

True - can lead to secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

FEED WHOLE PREY

47
Q

What do you have to be careful with when feeding fish to birds?

A

High in polyunsaturated fat = risk spoiling, only feed fresh or properly stored

48
Q

What may you have to supplement in all fish diets with birds? (3)

A
  • Vitamin E
  • Selenium
  • Some fish have thiaminases = need thiamine
49
Q

Dx? Piscivorous bird, opisthotonus, tremors, paralysis, ataxia

A

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

  • Can occur if on an all meat diet
  • Most common in piscivorous birds
50
Q

Dx of thiamine (B1) deficiency

A
  • History
  • PE
  • Response to tx
51
Q

Treatment and prevention of thiamine B1 deficiency

A
  • Parenteral thiamine supplementation, followed by oral supplementation
  • Prevention = oral supplementation
52
Q

Dx? Piscivorous bird, neurologic signs (ataxic, tremors, paralysis), myopathies (can’t stand up), steatitis

A

Hypovitaminosis E or selenium deficiency

  • Most common in piscivorous birds
  • Can occur in seed eaters, esp. with rancid oils or fats in diets
53
Q

Dx of hypovitaminosis E or selenium deficiency

A
  • History
  • PE
  • Response to tx
  • Serum vitamin E levels
54
Q

Treatment and prevention of hypovitaminosis E or selenium deficiency

A
  • Parenteral, then oral supplementation of vit-E or Se

- Prevention = oral supplementation in susceptible birds

55
Q

Common dietary problems for ratities and others (geese, ducks, pigeons, turkeys, quail, peafowl, etc) (3)

A

> Disproportional limb growth

  • Rotational and angular limb deformities
  • Angel (oar) win
  • Slipped tendon of the legs
56
Q

What four food/drink should NEVER be fed to birds because they are toxic?

A
  • Avocados
  • Chocolate
  • Onion
  • Alcohol
57
Q

How does the avian GI tract differ from mammals?

A
  • Shorter and reduced volume due to need to fly
  • Diverse feeding strategies = fruit to carnivores, fish
  • No hard palate
  • Choanal slit in oral cavity

Beak - esophagus - crop - proventriculus - ventriculus - intestines - ceca (in chickens, not really in psittacines) - cloaca

58
Q

Functions of the beak, tongue, and oropharynx

A
  • Grasping
  • Evaluating
  • Mechanical processing
  • Lubrication
  • Propulsion
59
Q

Choanae - what does it connect to? What does if they’re blunted mean?

A

Slit in oropharynx, directly communicate with sinuses

Blunted = chronic URD or vit-A deficiency

60
Q

Do owls, ducks, geese, swans, or ratites have crops?

A

No - straight esophagus w/o storage/dilation

61
Q

What is the crop? Function?

A

Distal expansion of the esophagus - functions to store and soften good

62
Q

What is crop milk in pigeons?

A
  • High in fat and protein/immunoglobulins

- Prolactin mediated in both males and females

63
Q

Which is the muscular and glandular stomachs?

A
  • Glandular = proventriculus, glands secrete pepsin, mucus, and HCl
  • Muscular = ventriculus (gizzard), for grinding w/ a protective mucosal Koilin layer
64
Q

Intestines in birds

A

> Similar to mammals

  • Small intestine = duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Ceca = vestigial in Passerines and Psittacines
  • Ceca = large and paired in others = waterfowl, chickens, ratities (ostriches, emus)
65
Q

What is in the cloaca, what structures are located there?

A

> Terminal chamber of GI and genitourinary tracts, comprised of 3 parts

1) Coprodeum = large intestine
2) Urodeum = urinary and repro parts
- Bursa of fabricius = lymphoid tissue
3) Proctodeum = water resorption

66
Q

Avian pancreas

A

> 3 lobes (ventral, dorsal, splenic) between duodenal loops

  • Functions like a mammal’s
  • Endocrine w/ insulin
  • Exocrine = 99% of mass = enzymes and bicarb
67
Q

True or false - in general, parrots don’t have gallbladders

A

True

68
Q

Avian liver

A
  • Bilobed - right and left
    +/- Gallbladder (generally not with parrots)
    + Function = bile production, protein and clotting factor synthesis, clotting factor storage, detoxificiation, uric acid formation, biliverdin excretion
69
Q

Avian GI disease diagnostics

A

1) History = diet, timing/progression of signs, feed unusual food (fruit, bread?), housing (free range, access to lead or zinc)
2) PE = BCS, oropharyngeal exam, coelomic cavity palpation (organomegaly, ascites, irregularities), cloaca
3) Examine droppings = normal = liquid urine, white urate, and formed fecal component, color = green urates, blood, whole seeds (abnormal in any bird)
4) Fecal gram stain = normal with gram + cocci, few gram negatives, abnormal = large numbers of negatives, spore-forming (usuall Clostridium) yeast (unless they eat a lot of bread), parasites
5) Fecal or cloacal culture, wet mount, flotation, acid fast (Mycobacterium), fecal blood occult test
6) Crop aspirate, wash, gram stain
7) Bloodwork = CBC (infectious, inflammation), chem (protein, albumin, AST, CK (muscle wasting versus liver), bile acids)
8) Imaging = radiology, contrast, fluoroscopy, U/S, endoscopy, laparoscopy
9) Chlamydophila serology or culture
10) Zinc/lead toxicities

70
Q

Why are malnutrition and obesity bad in avian GI disease?

A
  • Malnutrition (human food, all seed diets) = shortens lifespan = poor growth, feather issues, etc
  • Obesity = arthritis, fatty liver, etc.
71
Q

Five big differentials for oropharyngeal disease = white, yellow, tan plaques in oral cavity

A

1) Hypovitaminosis A
2) Poxvirus
3) Trichomoniasis
4) Candiasis
5) Capillariasis

72
Q

Dx? Tx? Poor nutrition like an all seed diet, blunted choanal papillae, oropharyngeal hyperkeratotic lesions, concurrent pododermatitis

A

Hypovitaminosis A

Dx = biopsy lesion
Tx = supplement, change diet
73
Q

Dx? Tx? Prevention? Diptheric like oropharyngeal and crop lesions, Bollinger bodies on cytology

A

Avian poxvirus

Transmitted via wounds
Dx = cytology, biopsy
Tx = support, antimicrobials
Control = vax
*Not common in psittacines
74
Q

Transmission, clinical signs, dx, and tx of trichomoniasis

A 
> Trichomonas gallinae
\+ Caseous oral plaques
- Transmission via direct contact
- Dx = swab of plaques, crop lavage
- Tx = metronidazole, dimetridazole
- Control = sanitation
75
Q

Dx and Tx? Regurgitation, anorexia, crop stasis, gram + budding yeast from swab cytology

A

Candidiasis

Tx = antifungals

76
Q

Where does these clinical signs localize you to? Regurgitation, anorexia, dysphagia, dyspnea

A

Crop and crop stasis

DDx = crop burn, ingluvitis (inflammation of crop), foreign body ingestion, polyomavirus, herpes virus, sytemic disease, budgie goiters, neoplasia, heavy metal tox, proventricular dilation disease

77
Q

Diagnosis of crop stasis

A
  • Palpation
  • Cytology of crop lavage
  • Culture and sensitivity
  • Radiology
  • Endoscopy
  • Biopsy
78
Q

Dx? Etiologic agent, Tx? Wasting (esp in psittacines), regurgitation, whole seeds in feces, neurologic signs

A

> Proventricular dilation disease due to avian bornavirus

  • HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
  • Dx = imaging (fluoroscopy = dilation, regurg), biopsy of crop (ganglioneuritis)
  • Tx = none, supportive = NSAID’s, pelleted diet you can digest
79
Q

Dx? Etiologic agent? Tx? Chronic wasting, regurgitation, melena, seeds in feces

A

> Megabacterial proventriculitis or ventriculitis due to gastric yeast (large gram + like fungus)

  • Like proventricular dilation disease but w/o neuro signs
  • Organisms infiltrates the mucosa
  • Dx = gram stain, rads, biopsy
  • Tx = antifungals intra/fluconazole, acidification
80
Q

Dx? Causes? Tx? Anorexia, scant and dry feces, regurgitation

A

> Gastric impaction

  • Cause = foreign body, grit, heavy metals, adenocarcinomas
  • Dx = radiographs +/- contrast, biopsy
  • Tx = endoscopy with gastric lavage, surgery
81
Q

Etiologic agents of bacterial and fungal enteritis

A
  • Psittacines = gram neg bacteria
  • Galliforms, pigeons, lories = Yersinia, Salmonella
  • Spore formers = Clostridia
  • Yeast = candidiasis
82
Q

Dx? Tx? Diarrhea, ileus, endotoxemia, intussception, megacolon on rads

A

> Bacterial enteritis

  • Dx = gram stain, CBC, rads, cloacal culture
  • Tx = antimicrobials
83
Q

Dx? Tx? Chronic weight loss, +/- diarrhea

A

> Mycobacterium

  • Not common in pet birds
  • ZOONOTIC
  • Can invade bone and look like fungal or neoplastic disease
  • Dx = CBC, rads, intestinal biopsy, culture, PCR
  • Tx = NOT RECOMMENDED, euthanize
84
Q

Dx? Tx? Mucoid diarrhea, feather picking

A

> Giarida - immune mediated disease causes pruritus

  • Dx = fecal smear, ELIUSA, small intestinal biopsy
  • Tx = metronidazole
85
Q

What protozoal organism is transmitted by the Heterakis gallinarum nematode?

A

Histomonas melagridis = damages the liver, more common in chickens and wild birds

86
Q

Etiologic agents that cause infectious hepatitis

A
  • Bacteria = gram neg, Mycobacterium avium, Chlamydophila
  • Viral
  • Protozoal = atoxoplasmosis
87
Q

Dx? Tx? Diarrhea, anorexia, respiratory infection, neurologic signs

A

> Chlamydophila psittaci

  • ZOONOTIC
  • Dx = elevated liver on chem, fecal culture, PCR, rads
  • Tx = doxycycline > 45 days
88
Q

Different metabolic hepatic diseases in birds (5)

A

1) Hemochromatosis = too much blood, iron overload
2) Hepatic lipidosis (may see beak overgrowth or fragile beaks)
3) Hepatotoxins
4) Amyloidosis
5) Neoplasia, Ex: cholanigocarcinoma

89
Q

Where does frank blood localize you to?

A

Cloaca

Diseases = prolapse, impaction, papillomatosis, cloacitis

90
Q

What can cause a flaccid cloaca?

A

Chronic egg laying in hens

91
Q

Dx, Tx? “raspberry” mass at cloaca, tenesmus, frank blood

A

> Cloacal papillomatosis

  • Common in Amazons and macaws
  • Etiology = unknown, thought to be herpesvirus
  • DDx = cholangiocarcinoma
  • Tx = cryosurgery, cautery with silver nitrate
92
Q

Avian pancreatic diseases (4)

A

> NOT COMMON

1) Diabetes mellitus
2) Pancreatitis
3) Pancreatic atrophy or fibrosis with Zn/Se deficiency
4) Adenocarcinoma

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