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Special Species > Avian Exam > Flashcards

Avian Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Psittacines

A

Parrots and parrot-like birds

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2
Q

Passeriforms

A

Canaries, finches, mynahs, etc

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3
Q

Columbiformes

A

Pigeons, doves

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4
Q

Anseriformes

A

Ducks, geese, swans

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5
Q

Galliforms

A

Chicken, turkeys, pheasants, etc

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6
Q

Falconiformes

A

Diurnal birds of prey like hawks, falcons, eagles

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7
Q

Strigiformes

A

Owls

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8
Q

Role of color “morphs” in avian medicine

A
  • Different color morphs have different diseases

* More color morphed the bird is from the normal/native color = more likely to develop disease

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9
Q

Fun fact about psittacine (parrot-like) beaks

A

> Two part beaks, animal is able to move both parts

- Allows them to manipulate food before they swallow (unlike finches or doves)

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10
Q

Where do the majority of birds come from?

A

South America (New World) - Macaws, amazons, conures, pionus, caiques, quaker parrots, parrotlets

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11
Q

Birds that come from Africa (3)

A
  • African greys (Congo = paler grey with red, Timneh = all grey)
  • Poicephalus = Senegals, Meyer’s parrots, etc.
  • Lovebirds
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12
Q

Birds that come from “Australasia”

A
  • Budgies
  • Cockatiels
  • Cockatoos
  • Eclectus
  • Others = grass parakeets, rosella,s lories, lorikeets
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13
Q

Sexing budgies

A

> Can sex based on the color/texture of the cere

  • Males = blue
  • Females = brown/pink, hyperkeratotic
  • Doesn’t work with color mutated birds
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14
Q

Sexing cockatiels

A
  • Males = more prominent cheek patch

- Females = color is more washed out, have stripes in their tail feathers

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15
Q

Sexing eclectus parrots

A
  • Females = red, blue, purple = more social

- Males = green, timid, stays at home

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16
Q

Three pillars of avian lifestyles

A

1) Foraging (and diet)
2) Social interaction
3) Feather care = helps them fly and thermoregulate

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17
Q

Housing husbandry of pet birds

A
  • Confine to cage when unsupervised
  • Multiple diameter perches
  • Be cautious of lead and zinc coated cages and toys
  • Don’t house in the kitchen = hygiene, PTFE from teflon
  • Minimize temperature changes, direct drafts
  • Keep away from other pets
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18
Q

Common household toxins

A

1) Poisonous plants, EX: philodendron
2) Avocados
3) Lead
4) Zinc
5) Teflon vapors from heated pans
6) Self-cleaning ovens

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19
Q

What should you be doing if the bird is out of the cage?

A

SUPERVISE - open doors, other animals, children, fans, stove tops, etc

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20
Q

Things to remember about birds and bathing

A
  • Showering helps keep feathers healthy and skin moist
  • DO NOT soak bird feathers to make them dripping wet
  • Allow bird to drain in a warm or sun dry room
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21
Q

What does the role of birds as prey have to do with clinical disease?

A
  • Birds = prey = mask symptoms of disease

- Usually miss early treatment and ID of disease

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22
Q

Purposes of new bird exams

A
  • Pre and post (3-7 days) purchase
  • Ensure health
  • Rule out infectious disease (bring them in ASAP to diff diseases they acquired from your house)
  • Discuss husbandry, behavior, life style, diet
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23
Q

Purposes of annual wellness exams for birds

A
  • Monitor health
  • Ensure early detection of problems

> > History = origin, age, sex, breeding history, contact with other birds, diet (pellet, seed mix, treats, table food? BALANCED?), caging (perches, toys, cage material)
PE = observation in cage (attitude, posture, RR), body weight, BCS, hydration, EENT, neck/crop, palpate coelom, auscultate thorax, skin/feathers skin, uropygial gland, cloaca, wings/legs
+/- Sedation with midazolam and butorphanol IN or IM
Diagnostics = rads, bloodwork, to find infectious dz or organ dysfunction
Grooming, discussion of diet, behavior, lifestyle

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24
Q

What should you do with every new bird to your household?

A
  • QUARANTINE every new bird = most important step to prevent disease spread
  • Consider even in a separate building (viruses can spread through the air)
  • Lasts 4-6 weeks
25
Q

What should you keep in mind with during avian PE’s?

A

> Restraint can be stressful = establish priorities, monitor stress level (dyspnea, rapid breathing)

  • Consider sedation = midazolam, +/- butorphanol IN or IM
  • Sedation = less stressed bird, no vocalization, fully reversible, no side effects
26
Q

How do we BCS a bird?

A

Palpate the pectoral region and keel

27
Q

Is an oral exam essential in a bird PE?

A

YES - extremely important, window to GI and respiratory systems (choanal slit)

28
Q

Things to look for with coelomic palpation (3)

A
  • Enlarged organs, Ex: liver, etc.
  • Retained eggs
  • Masses like neoplasia
29
Q

Things to look for with the cloaca

A

> Common genitourinary and GI outflow

  • Swelling
  • Width
  • Pubic bone width
  • Masses
  • Prolapse
  • Bleeding
  • Fecal staining
30
Q

Things to look for with the feathers (2)

A
  • Depigmentation

- Feather damaging behavior

31
Q

True or false - “perched” and “bird in a box” is an acceptable positioning method for radiographs

A

FALSE - not going to get normal positioning

32
Q

Appropriate positions/views for avian radiographs (2)

A

1) Lateral - avoid “bird-o-grams”

2) VD or DV = bend wings at the side to prevent rotation

33
Q

Restraint methods for avian radiographs (3)

A

1) Manual + sedation (reduces injury and stress of patient)
2) Restraint board = higher risk for patient but avoids personnel radiation exposure
3) Chemical restraint = sedation (midazolam, butorphanol) or general anesthesia

34
Q

How do you know if you have rotation on avian radiographs?

A

1) Overlying coracoids on lateral
2) Overlying coxofemoral joints on lateral
3) Keel and thoracic vertebrae should overlie on VD

35
Q

True or false? The clavicles are fused in birds

A

TRUE - paired and fused clavicle

36
Q

Cause of polyostotic hyperostosis in birds

A

+ Deposits of Ca++ in the medullary bone

  • Common in the femur, tibiotarsus, humerus
  • FEMALES
  • Due to estrogen circulating during reproductively active times
37
Q

How do we shoot the wing?

A

Cranio-caudal - holding the bird upside down

38
Q

What organs can we see in the coelomic cavity on radiographs?

A
  • Esophagus and crop
  • Lungs
  • Cardiohepatic silhouette
  • GI = proventriculus, gizzard, intestines
  • Repro tract
  • Spleen
  • Kidneys
  • Gonads
39
Q

Three separate cavities in the coelom

A

1) Pericardium
2) Hepatic
- Together = cardiohepatic silhouette
3) Intestinal-peritoneal with GI, spleen, and repro tract
* All separate

40
Q

True or false - the hepatic and intestinal-peritoneal should fit within the coxofemoral joints on radiographs

A

TRUE - if it doesn’t = may have organomegaly

41
Q

What is the normal width (% of thorax) of the heart on VD in birds?

A

50-60% of the thoracic width

*Species differences = falcons (larger), psittacines (parrots)

42
Q

Rad dx? Enlarged cardiac silhouette, lost of waist of silhouette

A

Pericardial effusion - next step is echo

43
Q

What causes a mineralized descending aorta?

A

Increased vitamin-D or Ca++ = atherosclerosis

44
Q

Spleen on avian radiographs

A
  • Only visible on lateral (NOT ALWAYS visible)

- Usually surrounded by air sacs on the lateral

45
Q

What are the cervical air sacs connected to?

A

Infraorbital sinuses in the skull

*Not connected to the caudal air sacs

46
Q

What do we suspect with hyperinflation or consolidation of the air sacs?

A

> Air sacculitis = fungal in most cases (Aspergillus), chronic, African greys and Pionus parrots are susceptible
- Confirm with laparoscopy

47
Q

Is radiography a sensitive way to diagnose air sacculitis?

A

No very highly sensitive = use auscultation, blood CBC, etc.

48
Q

DDx for air sac compression (4)

A

1) Organomegaly = liver, repro tract
2) Coelomic effusion
3) Coelomic mass - neoplasia
4) Obesity

49
Q

Correct egg position for laying

A

Tapered portion coming out first, dilating the birth canal

50
Q

Portions of the GI tract you can see on lateral radiograhp

A
  • Esophagus and crop (cranial diverticulum)
  • Proventriculus = middle
  • Stomach (ventriculus) and gizzard = underneath coxofemoral joint
  • Intestinal cavity = caudal to coxofemoral joint
51
Q

On the VD, which side does the stomach/proventriculus get pushed to

A

Left side

52
Q

DDx for proventricular dilation (4)

A

1) Gastritis
2) Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) from avian borna virus - neuropathy and hypomotility
3) Foreign body = rare
4) Neoplasia

53
Q

What is one of the most common metallic foreign bodies in birds?

A

Lead

54
Q

Contrast we can use with avian radiography

A
  • Barium
  • Iodinated
    > Via crop lavage
55
Q

What can we use to help examine a bird’s swallowing ability?

A

Fluoroscopy - doesn’t require restraint

*Also can be used for excretory urograms

56
Q

Uses for U/S with avian diagnostics

A
  • Can’t really be used for the upper coelom due to air sacs and sternum/keel, patient size is small too
  • May be able to see effusions with sicker birds, Ex: hepatic effusion
  • Repro tract, Ex: ovarian cysts
57
Q

Uses for CT for avian diagnostics

A
  • Get 2D radiograph slices
  • Can be used to construct 3D images
  • Limited for soft tissue, better for bony structures
  • Can utilize contrast
  • Requires anesthesia/sedation
  • Fast
58
Q

What imaging modality can we use to examine soft tissue in a bird?

A

MRI - limited by patient size, cost, and anesthetic duration necessary

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