Autonomics and Somatic Reflexes: 1/7 Flashcards
ganglia
collections of cell bodies outside of the CNS
PS nervous system
- “craniosacral ANS”
- Rest and Digest
- Four CNS: III, VII, IX, X
- Sacral segments S2-4
- long preganglionic neurons synapse in terminal ganglia
- ACh NT
PS Dumbbells
diarrhea/defecation urination meiosis (pupils contract) bradycardia bronchospasm emesis lacrimation salivation
Occipto-Atlantal joint
- head resting on cervical spine
- treatment of PS, think about treating the OA, and treat the vagus
- provide balance of autonomics
Jugular foramen
- where the vagus nerve comes out of the skull
Sympathetics
- “thoracolumbar ANS”
- fight/flight
- T1-L2
- short preganglionics (Ach) with Long Postganglionics (NE)
- paraspinal and prevertebral ganglia
- excite organs stimulated during physical exercise, and inhibit organs that are activated at rest
- cell bodies of of sympathetics are found in the IMLCC
sympathetic ganglia
- chain ganglia
- white ramus: myelinated: preganglionic (T1-L2)
- gray ramus: demyeliniated : postganglionic
- ganglionic impar: termination of ganglia at coccyx
Enteric NS
“the brain of the gut”
- submucosal plexus (secretions)
- myenteric plexus (contractions and peristalsis)
Visceral affarents
- nociceptive fibers that travel with sympathetics
this is the basis of referred pain and facilitation - non-nociceptive affarent fibers travel with the PS (i.e. Vagus n.)
four reflex interactions
- somato-somatic reflex: skeletal muscle affecting skeletal muscle. i.e withdraw reflex, gallbladder referral to right shoulder
- viscero-visceral reflex: - gut distension –> gut contraction.
- baroreceptor reflex –> decreased HR and vasodilation
* **3. viscero-somatic: cardiac disease –> somatic dysfunction T1-5 F/E RSL - Somato-Visceral: spinal manipulation –> changes in HR, BP, and sympathetic activity to kidney and adrenal medulla
convergence projection theory
“referred pain”
- visceral and somatic afferents converge on the same or associated neurons or interneurons on the spinal cord
- can follow a viscero-somatic pattern (MI –> left arm)
- or a somato-somatic pattern (gallbladder–> diaphragm–> phrenic n. –> right shoulder)
make slides for the “crux of the matter”
Visceral pathology creates somatic changes/dysfunction within the distribution of an organ’s sympathetic innervation because the small caliber visceral afferent nociceptors travel with the sympathetic nerves. The resulting overlap with somatic neurons in the spinal cord allows for viscero-somatic interaction and the production of associated somatic dysfunction. This is important both as a diagnostic tool and as a portal to access and treat visceral dysfunction.
visceral somatic reflexes are often seen in what type of lesion?
more often cause non-neutral Type II lesion
- will often have a “rubbery” end feel and may not be responsive to HVLA b/c they are maintained by muscular restriction rather than articular restriction
facilitation
- indicates an area of impairment or restriction that develops a lower threshold for irritation and dysfunction when other structures are stimulated
- facilitated segments are hyper-irratable and hyper-responsive
- if have heart irritation, pain fibers of heart are hypersensitive, and will result in a somatic dysfunction
- muscles are maintained in a hypertonic state due to viscero-somatic reflex
- facilitation raises the baseline resting membrane potential, action potentials are generated more easily
SOB due to asthma, what segment is facilitated?
T4 FRSR: look for Type II lesions
stomach ulcer, which segment facilitated?
T5 ERSL
Pupils
symp: T1-2
PS: CN III
Facilitation T1-4
Sinuses
S: T1-4
PS: CN VII
Fac: T1-4
carotid body, sinus
S: T1-4
PS: CN IX, X
F: T1-4
lacrimal, salivary glands
S: T1-4
PS: CN VII, IX
F: T1-4
trachea, bronchi
S: T1-6
PS: CN X
F: T1-6
heart
S: T1-4/5
PS: CN X
F: T1-6
upper extremity
S: T2-5/6
no PS
F: T2-6