Autonomics

Question 1

which nervous system(s) is SA node innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 1

both

parasympathetics- vagus, muscarinic, slows HR (by decreasing depolarization)

sympathetic- T1-T5, Beta1, increase HR (by increasing depolarization)

Question 2

which nervous system(s) is AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 2

both

parasympathetic- vagus, muscarinic, decrease conduction velocity thru AV node and ventricles (decrease depolarization)

sympathetic- T1-T5, B1, increases conduction velocity thru AV nice (increase depol)

Question 3

which nervous system(s) are myocytes innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 3

both (although ventricular parasym is debated)

parasympathetic- vagus, muscarinic, decreases Ca influx (decreases contractility)

sympathetic- T1-T5, B1 (B2 maybe also), increase Ca influx (increase contractility)

Question 4

which nervous system(s) is cerebral vasculature innervated by? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 4

sympathetic only (mostly determined by local factors)- A1, vasocontriction (only when blood pressure is dangerously high)

Question 5

which nervous system(s) are coronary arteries innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 5

both (however controlled mostly by local factors)

parasympathetic- vagus, muscarinic, relax smooth muscle (vasodilation)

sympathetic- T1-T5, A1, smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) very short lived because of increased metabolic need of myocardium overcomes this

Question 6

which nervous system(s) is cutaneous vasculature innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 6

sympathetic majorly- multiple sources, A1, contraction of smooth muscle (vasoconstriction)

sweat glands- muscarinic (still sympathetic), relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation- leads to sweat production)

Question 7

which nervous system(s) is skeletal muscle vasculature innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 7

sympathetic majorly- multiple sources, A1 (vasoconstriction) & B2 (vasodilation)

Question 8

which nervous system(s) are splanchnic vessels innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 8

sympathetic only, T5-L2 (celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric ganglion), A1, vasoconstriction (vasodilation only produced with decreased sym)

Question 9

which nervous system(s) are veins innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 9

sympathetic majorly- A1 (vasoconstriction- increases blood return to heart), A2 (vasodilation- slows blood return to heart), B2 (vasodilation)

Question 10

what is the purpose of the bronchial circulation?

where does blood enter from and how does it return to heart?

Answer 10

provides nutrients and removes waste from the airways that are too thick to receive oxygen from lungs

blood enters from left ventricle (oxygenated) and returns via pulmonary vein

Question 11

what is the purpose of the alveolar circulation? what controls blood flow?

Answer 11

this is the blood that is being sent to the lungs for gas exchange

enters from right ventricle (deoxygenated) and returns via pulmonary vein

local factors control flow

Question 12

where do parasympathetics have the greatest influence on the alveolar circulation?

Answer 12

pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, hilar vessels (large ones)

decreases in innervation as size decreases

Question 13

which nervous system(s) is alveolar circulation innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 13

both

parasympathetics mostly- vagus, muscarinic, production of nitric oxide (vasodilation)

sympathetics- first 5 thoracic ganglia, A1 mostly (vasoconstriction), B1 (vasodilation), B2 (vasodilation), important for maintaing basal tone, activated by cold air/altitude and mechanoreceptors that detect distension

Question 14

which nervous system(s) is upper airways (mostly nasal mucosa) innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 14

both

parasympathetic- branches of trigeminal and sphenopalatine ganglion, muscarinic, vasodilation and increase secretion

sympathetic- superior cervical ganglion via facial nerve, A1, vasocontriction (which in turn decreases secretion)

Question 15

which nervous system(s) are lower airways innervated by? what nerve? what receptors does it contain? what effect?

Answer 15

intrinsic innervation & extrinsic innervation

extrinsic (both)

parasympathetic- vagus, muscarinic, smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) and increased mucus

sympathetic- T1-T5, B2, relax smooth muscle (bronchodilation) and increased bronchial secretions

Question 16

what is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule? what is its blood supply and what is its role?

Answer 16

to reabsorb (into blood) everything we need that was filtered by Bowman’s capsule and move what we don’t need into the urine through “bulk operations”

peritubular capillaries (branch of efferent arteriole)- secretes shit we don’t need into tubule to be excreted and reabsorbs what we do need

Question 17

what is the purpose of the loop of Henle? what is its blood supply and what is its role?

Answer 17

helps us keep the urine and interstitium concentrated by reabsorbing water

vasa recta- secretes Na, Cl, K while reabsorbing water to keep interstitium concentrated

Question 18

what is the purpose of the distal convoluted tubule?what is the blood supply?

Answer 18

“fine tunes” the amount of Na, K, and water thru neural and hormonal control (ADH and aldosterone)

peritubular capillaries (branch of efferent arteriole)- secretes shit we don’t need into tubule to be excreted and reabsorbs what we do need

Question 19

what artery sends blood into the glomerular capillaries? what role does it play?

Answer 19

afferent arteriole (part of renal artery)- if it is constricted, less blood enters capillaries and Bowman’s capsule which means less blood/plasma will be filtered

Question 20

what artery sends blood out of the glomerular capillaries? what role does it play?

Answer 20

efferent arteriole- if it’s constricted, more blood/plasma is filtered into Bowman’s space

Question 21

what do the kidneys do short term? long term?

Answer 21

short term- control composition of blood

long term- control blood volume- when BP gets too low, juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin

Question 22

what is the nervous systems controls the kidney vasculature? what receptor? what actions?

Answer 22

sympathetic only (?)- A1, vasoconstriction of renal artery, efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, all other arteries in kidney (decreases blood flow to kidneys and urine production so blood is shunted to the other organs in the body)

Question 23

what nervous system controls the juxtaglomerular appartus? what receptors? what actions?

Answer 23

sympathetic only (?)- B1 receptors on granule cells of afferent arteriole, increases release of renin

Question 24

what is the role of renin?

Answer 24

increases production of angiotensin–> increases production of angiotensin II–> increases release of aldosterone–> increases reabsorption of sodium–> increases release of ADH–> increases reabsorption of water–> increases blood volume