Autonomics

Question 1

somatic nerve basics

Answer 1

1 neuron

Ach to effector neuron

Question 2

parasympathetic basics

Answer 2

2 neurons

first is longer

Ach at ganglion and effector organ

Question 3

sympathetic neuron basics

Answer 3

2 neurons - Ach between NE at effector organ

neurons same length

adrenal medulla - 1 short neurone and NE and others to organ

Question 4

symathetic origin and ganglia

Answer 4

origin: thoracolumbar
ganglia: close to CNS

Question 5

parasympathetic origin and ganglia

Answer 5

craniosacral

gang: close to effector neuron

Question 6

autonomic eyes

Answer 6

p: constricts
s: dilates

Question 7

autonomic tears

Answer 7

p: stim

Question 8

salivary flow autonomic

Answer 8

p: stim
s: inhib

Question 9

heart autonomic

Answer 9

p: slows
s: speeds

Question 10

arterioles autonomic

Answer 10

p: dilate
s: consrict

Question 11

bronchi autonomic

Answer 11

p: constrict
s: dilate

Question 12

bladder autonomic

Answer 12

p: consticts
s: relaxes

Question 13

gut autonomic

Answer 13

p: digestion and mobilitiy
s: inhibits

Question 14

parasympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 14

right vagus - SA node

left vagus - AV node

vagal efferents - atrial muscle

NO VENTRICLE

Question 15

synathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 15

sympathetic efferents - SA, AV, atrium, ventricle

Question 16

division of the autonomic nervus system

Answer 16

cholinergic: nicotinic and muscarinic (sensitive to Ach)
adrenergic: alpha and beta (sensitive to adrenline - epi and NE)

not the same as sym/para

Question 17

vagus nerve espieriment

Answer 17

2 hearts: one w vagus nerve stim, one without

both hearts in saline

stimulated vagus nerve for 1 - HR slowed

removed saline from heart 1 nd applied to 2

2 slowed

later proven to be Ach

Question 18

which neurons are cholinergic?

Answer 18

1. all pre-ganglionic neurons
2. all parasympathetic post-ganglionic
3. sympathetic poast-ganglionic that innervate sweat glands

Question 19

divisions of chonlinergic receptors?

Answer 19

nicotinic

muscarinic

Question 20

where are nicotonic receptors?

Answer 20

cholinergic!

skeletal muscle end plate

all auntnomic ganglia

adrenal medulla

Question 21

curare

Answer 21

antagonist for nicotinic receptors

Question 22

what will happen if block nicotinic receptors?

Answer 22

inhibit both sympathetic and parasympatehttic tone

need to know what tone is dominiant to know clinical effect

i. e. vascular SM has only sympathetic innervation! if there is an agonist, there will be vasoconstriction, antagonist - vasodilation
i. e. male sexual response is sym and para sym so blockers affect ejaculation and erection

Question 23

nicotonic receptor mechanosim

Answer 23

Na/K ion channel (NOT G-protien)

Question 24

where are muscarinic receptors

Answer 24

cholinergic!

all parasympathetic effector organs (heart, gi, bronchioles, bladder)

some sympathteic (sweat glands)

Question 25

types of muscarinic receptors

Answer 25

M1 - ganglia M2 - heart M3 - glands, sm

Question 26

mechanism of muscarinic receptors

Answer 26

similar to alpha 1 - PLC

Question 27

muscarinic receptors in the SA node

Answer 27

when stim by Ach lead to GPCR activation nd lead to opening of K channels which slows rate of depolarization (slower heart rate)

Question 28

M1

Answer 28

ganglia

Question 29

M2

Answer 29

heart

Question 30

M3

Answer 30

glands

Question 31

non-selective cholinergic blocker for muscarinic

Answer 31

i.e. atropine blocks MUSCARINIC receptor in target tissue blocks all parasympathetic tone! leads to sympathetic side effects (fast HR\< dry mounth, pupil dilation)

Question 32

types of adreneric receptor

Answer 32

aplha and beta

Question 33

alpha agonist

Answer 33

adrenergic! in general, mediate smooth muscle contraction

Question 34

alpha 1 receptors

Answer 34

vascular smooth muscle NO cAMP agonist --\> PLC (via GPCR) --\> IP3 --\> increased Ca i.e. pubil dilation and smooth muscle contraction

Question 35

alpha-2 receptors

Answer 35

less common than alpha 1 (adrenergic) mostly presyn-terminals, platelets, walls of GI DECREASE cAMP (i.e. GI relaxation

Question 36

beta agonist

Answer 36

adrenergic in general - mediate decreased smooth muscle contraction (bronchodilation, vasodilation, uterine relaxation) BUT in heart - stimulation causes increased HR, strength of contractions

Question 37

beta-1 receptor

Answer 37

adrenergic high numbers in heart (SA, AV, ventricle), salivary glands, adipose increase in cAMP (through G protein) agonist in heart - increaset HR, contractility agnoist in kidney - increase renin secretion (increase BP)

Question 38

beta-2 receptor

Answer 38

in vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, GI, bladder, bronchioles increase in cAMP - GPCR agonist --\> SM dilation (bronchodilation in asthma)

Question 39

beta 3 receptor

Answer 39

found in fat reg lipolysis and thermogenesis

Question 40

beta and alpha 2 receptors

Answer 40

same mechanism BUT beta increases cAMP to have effect and alpha-2 decreases cAMP to have effect

Question 41

affects of cAMP in myocytes and blood vessels

Answer 41

myocyte - cAMP increases contraction via stim of PKA (beta1) blood vessels - cAMP decreases contraction by inhibition of MLCK (beta-2) downstream affect of cAMP is different

Question 42

if a patient has used cocaine that stim both alpha and beta, a beta blocker can't be used, why?

Answer 42

leads to unopposed alpha agonism and severe hypertension

Question 43

dopamine

Answer 43

precursor to NE - mkes a lot of diff things from tyrosine diff effects at diff concentrations

Question 44

pupil innervation

Answer 44

radial muscle: alpha1 - sympathetic tone dilates pupils circular sphintor - muscarinic - parasypathetic contracts pupil (near vision) ciliary muscle - beta - sym tone dilates (far vision) M receptors - para sym contracts (near vision)

Question 45

SA node innervation

Answer 45

B1 + M receptors increase sym tone - increase HR decrease sym tone - decrease HR if decrease BP - stim B1/inhib M - tachycardia - compensates for the loss of stroke volume

Question 46

bladder autonomic innervation

Answer 46

filling - sympathetic - relax detrusor and contract internal sphincter empty - parasympathetic - contract detrusor and relax internal sphincter