Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles Pharmacology > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the somatic afferent include?

A

Nerves supplying skin, joints, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the somatic efferent include?

A

Neurons leaving spinal cord and enervating muscle (voluntary contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What nervous system are the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus part of?

A

ENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies that lie outside of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which system, parasympathetic or sympathetic uses ACh neurotransmitter for the preganglionic neurone and noradrenaline in the postganglionic neurone?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In which are the axons shorter, pre or post ganglionic neurones?

A

Pre ganglionic neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system use for both preganglionic and postganglionic neurones?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State the 5 steps of neurochemical transmission.

A

-Uptake of transmitting precursor
-Synthesis of transmitter
-Storage of transmitter
-Depolarization by Action Potential
-Calcium ion influx through voltage activated calcium ion channels
-Calcium induced release of transmitter (exocytosis)
-Receptor activation
-Enzyme-mediated inactivation
OR
-Reuptake of transmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In sympathetic division of ANS, what does ACh open in the postganglion neurone and what does this cause?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels, causing depolarization and generation of action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does noradenaline activate in the sympathetic division?

A

G-protein coupled adrenoceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does ACh activate in the parasympathetic division?

A

G-protein coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is muscarine found?

A

poisonous mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many glycoprotein subunits do ligand-gated ion channels contain and what do these form?

A

5, and central ion conducting channel (each spans the cell membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do ligand-gated channels allow?

A

rapid changes in permeability of membrane to certain ions, alters membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many binding sites are there normally for ACh receptors?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When the transmitter binds to the binding site on to the ion channel, does a conformational change occur immediately?

A

No, short delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many glyoprotein subunits are in an ACh receptor?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the steps of cholinergic transmission?

A
  • Uptake of choline via transporter
  • Synthesis of ACh via CAT
  • Storage of ACh via transporter
  • Depolarization by action potential
  • Ca2+ influx
  • Calcium ion induced release of ACh (exocytosis)
  • Activation of ACh receptor subtypes (M1-M3)
  • Degradation of ACh to choline and acetate by AChE, terminating transmission
  • Reuptake and reuse of choline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What opens when 2 ACh molecules bind to receptor?

A

Sodium channel, creating graded depolarisation that can vary in amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name given to this graded depolarisation?

A

EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens if depolarisation reaches threshold?

A

voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and nerve transmission occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which is the only drug that affects cholinergic transmission at ganglia with any clinical significance?

A

Nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does nicotine mimic the effect of?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does hexamethonium do and how?

A

Selectively blocks ganglionic transmission by open channel block (a form of non-competitive antagonism)

25
What are the most popular type of receptor in the body involved in chemical transmission?
G-protein coupled receptors
26
Which of these are G-proteins involved in: Rods and cones of retinas to allow sight; transduction of odors from curry to electrical signals
Both!
27
Are the receptor, G-protein and effector separate or combined proteins?
Separate
28
Is signalling via G-proteins fast or slow in comparison to transmitter-gated ion channels?
Slow
29
What type of membrane protein is the receptor?
Integral
30
What type of membrane protein is the G-protein?
Peripheral
31
What does the receptor protein consist of?
Single polypeptide with extracellular NH2 and intracellular COOH termini
32
How many transmembrane spans does the receptor contain and what are they joined by?
7, 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular connecting loops
33
What is it that allows the receptor to interact with the G-protein?
large intracellular loop and COOH tail
34
G-proteins consist of how many polypeptide subunits?
3
35
Which of the G-protein's subunits can disassociate from the other two?
alpha
36
Where is the guanine nucleotide binding site in the G-protein and what can it hold?
alpha subunit, GTP or GDP
37
When G-proteins couple with receptors to cause a conformational change, the affinity of the binding site for what is reduced and what occurs?
GDP, so this dissociates from and GTP binds to the alpha subunit
38
What does the G-protein lose its affinity for after GTP binding?
Beta-gamma subunit, so alpha protein dissociates
39
What does the alpha subunit combine with to turn on or off action?
effector
40
What acts as an enzyme and what does it hydrolyse in G-protein function to turn off the signal?
the alpha subunit, hydrolyses GTP to GDP and Pi, to turn off signal
41
What are muscarinic receptors examples of?
G-protein coupled receptors
42
How many clinically important muscarinic receptors are there?
3 (M1,2,3)
43
Which receptors cause acid secretion in the stomach?
M1
44
Which receptors are present on the SAN?
M2
45
What do presynaptic autoreceptors mediate?
Inhibition of transmitter release (negative feedback)
46
If NA or ACh are released, what happens to amounts of Ca coming in?
Limited, decreased release of NA and ACh (negative feedback)
47
What does cocaine structurally resemble?
Noradrenaline
48
What transporter is noradrenaline recognised by?
U1
49
What do both amphetamine and cocaine cause?
vasoconstriction (alpha 1 stimulation) and cardiac arrythmias (B1 stimulation)
50
What does amphetamine structurally resemble?
Noradrenaline
51
What does Amphetamine inhibit?
MAO enzyme
52
What does amphetamine cause increased stimulation of?
Adrenoceptor
53
What does prazosin block?
alpha 1 (selective, competitive antagonist)
54
What is prazosin used for?
Anti-hypertensive agent. Vasodilates.
55
What does atenolol block?
B1
56
What is atenolol used for?
anti-anginal, anti-hypertensive
57
What does salbutomol do?
Selective agonist of B2. Used as bronchodilator in asthma
58
What is atropine used for?
To reverse bradycardia following MI and in anticholinesterase poisoning
59
What does atropine block?
Competitive antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptors (M1, M2 and M3 with equal affinity)

Principles Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions