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NAS > Autonomic NS > Flashcards

Autonomic NS Flashcards

1
Q

3 divisions of the autonomic ns?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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2
Q

Where are the somatic afferents?

A

Towards the CNS
Dorsal horn
Dorsal root
Synapse with CNS cell bodies

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3
Q

Where are the somatic efferents?

A

Away from the CNS
Cell bodies- Ventral horn
Axons - Ventral root

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4
Q

Where is the lateral horn present?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions
Anterolateral horn is present in sacral segments

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5
Q

What do the lateral horns contain?

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuronal cell bodies

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6
Q

What cell bodies are found in the anterolateral horn of a sacral segments?

A

Pre-ganglionic cell bodies of pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic)

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7
Q

Characteristics of the autonomic ns:

A
  • involuntary control
  • maintains homeostasis
  • works continuously
  • sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions
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8
Q

Structure of nerve pathway in autonomic ns?

A
  1. Pre-ganglionic fibre
    Myelinated
    Primary nt is ACh
  2. Ganglion in PNS
    Synapse
  3. Post-ganglionic fibre
    Unmyelinated
    Target tissue or organ
    Primary nt ACh or NA
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9
Q

Cholinergic fibres?

A

ACh nt

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10
Q

Adrenergic fibres?

A

Catecholamine NT (secreted from adrenal medulla)
Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

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11
Q

How do general visceral afferent fibres send sensory into back to the CNS?

A

Via the dorsal root and horn

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12
Q

visceral/ autonomic afferent fibres travel in the same way as somatic afferent fibres? True/ false

A

True

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13
Q

Where are autonomic neuronal cell bodies located

A

In specific sensory nerve ganglia of
1. Cranial nerves (brain stem) and Sacral spinal cord (parasympathetic)
2. Anterolateral horn of thoracic lumbar regions (sympathetic)

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14
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Maps out the region of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve

Overlap between cutaneous innervation and spinal segments

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15
Q

Difference btw somatic and autonomic efferent fibres ?

A

Somatic efferent: single neurone which synapses with skeletal muscle

General visceral (autonomic) efferent: two neurone pathways
-Pre-ganglionic fibres synapse with ganglia
-Post-ganglionic fibres synapse smooth and cardiac muscle/ gland cells

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16
Q

Myotomes?

A

Efferent fibres from spinal nerves supply innervation to skeletal muscles within specific compartments
(Myotomes are the similar to dermatomes)
Most skeletal muscles are innervated by nerves derived from several spinal cord levels

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17
Q

Difference btw myotome and dermatomes?

A

Myotome: group of muscles innervated by motor fibre from a specific nerve root

Dermatome: area of the skin innervated by sensory fibres that stem from specific nerve root

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18
Q

Role of sympathetic ns?

A

Fight or flight response

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19
Q

Areas of autonomic innervation of the sympathetic ns:

A
  • head
  • neck
  • thorax
  • abdomen
  • pelvis
  • blood vessels
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20
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic ns located?

A

In lateral horn btw T1-L2

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21
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglion found?

A

In sympathetic chain or near target organ

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22
Q

Length of pre ganglionic and post ganglionic neurones in Sympathetic ns?

A

Pre: short
Post: long

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23
Q

What are the exceptions of the sympathetic ns?

A
  1. Direct innervation from sympathetic pre ganglionic neurones to the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells) for adrenaline production (no post ganglionic neurone)
  2. ACh secreted by post ganglionic sudomotor motor neurones (innervating sweat glands and are tortilla muscles of skin)
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24
Q

Key sympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic chain
Pre aortic/ prevertebral

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25
Q

Difference btw autonomic and somatic ns?

A

Autonomic: has two neurones thats synapse at ganglion
Somatic: direct neurone to target

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26
Q

Difference btw paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia and prevertebral (pre aortic) ganglia?

A

Para: sympathetic chain on each side of vertebral column
Pre: ganglia closer to target organs. On aorta.

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27
Q

3 types of cervical ganglia and whether SNS or PNS

A

SNS:
- Superior cervical ganglia
- Middle cervical ganglia
- Inferior cervical ganglia

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28
Q

Where are the cervical Ganglia?

A

On either side of the neck

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29
Q

Superior cervical ganglia (C2/C3 level) control:

A

Pupil dilation and inhibition of saliva

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30
Q

Middle cervical (C6 level) ganglia innervate:

A

Thyroid gland
Trachea
Oesophagus
Heart

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31
Q

Inferior cervical (C7/T1 level) ganglia innervate:

A

Upper limb

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32
Q

Types of thoracic splanchnic nerves:

A

Greater T5-T9
Lesser T9-T10
Least T12

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33
Q

3 types of pre vertebral (pre aortic) ganglia?

A
  • Coeliac
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
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34
Q

How is abdominal and pelvic viscera innervated?

A

Via thoracic splanchnic nerves
That synapse at pre vertebral ganglia

Via parasympathetic splanchnic nerves
Intramural synapse
Lower Abdominopelvic region

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35
Q

What does the meningeal ramus supply?

A

The dura

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36
Q

The pathway of sympathetic innervation:

A

Cell body in lateral horn
Preganglionic fibre passes through ventral root
Enters sympathetic chain via white ramus communicantes
Synapse at sympathetic ganglion
Post ganglionic fibres depart via grey ramus communicantes
Then travel through dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, meningeal ramus

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37
Q

Routes in sympathetic chain:

A

Divergence: one pre ganglionic neurone projects to several post ganglionic neurones

Convergence: one post ganglionic neurone receives input from several pre ganglionic neurones

Occurs via inter ganglionic nerves connecting the ganglia

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38
Q

Main function of parasympathetic ns

A

Rest and digest

39
Q

Where does parasympathetic ns provide autonomic innervation to?

A

Head
Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Blood vessels

40
Q

Where are the pre ganglionic cell bodies of parasympathetic ns located?

A
  1. cranial nerve nuclei (brain stem) - innervates head, neck, thorax, upper abdomen
  2. lateral horn of sacral segments from S2-S4 - lower abdomen, pelvis
41
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglion for post ganglionic fibres found?

A

Intramural - within walls of target organs
In named ganglion of the head

42
Q

The lengths of parasympathetic neurones?

A

Long pre ganglionic fires
Short post ganglionic fibres

43
Q

4 Parasympathetic ganglia on either side of head

A
  • Ciliary
  • Pterygopalatine
  • Submandibular
  • Otic
44
Q

What are the Parasympathetic cranial nerves?

A

Oculomotor nerve III - ciliary ganglion - pupil

Facial nerve - pterygopalatine ganglion - lacrimal gland

Facial nerve - submandibular ganglion - submandibular and sublingual glands

Glossopharyngeal nerve - otic ganglion - parotid gland

Vagus nerve

45
Q

Parasympathetic vagus nerve innervation?

A

• CN X →Cardiac plexus → SAN and AVN

• CN X → Pulmonary Plexus → Bronchi

• CN X → Intramural Ganglia → Foregut (Stomach and Pancreas)

• CN X → Intramural Ganglia → Midgut (Small intestines)

46
Q

Parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic innervate these organs:

A
  • bladder
  • rectum
  • prostate
  • vagina
  • erectile tissue of penis
  • clitoris
47
Q

Where are parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

In anterolateral horn of s2-s4
And synapse at intramural ganglia

48
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the gut:

A

Parasympathetic:
- Vagus nerve (foregut and midgut)
- Pelvic splanchnic nerves (hindgut)

Sympathetic:
- thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
Pre aortic ganglion
- coeliac ganglion (foregut)
- superior mesenteric ganglion (midgut)
- inferior mesenteric ganglion (hindgut)

49
Q

Parasympathetic nerves from brain stem innervate:

A

Head
Neck
Thorax
Upper abdomen

50
Q

Parasympathetic nerves from lateral horn of S2-S4 innervate:

A

(Splanchnic nerves)
Lower abdomen
Pelvis

51
Q

Where is sympathetic outflow?

A

Thoracolumbar T1-L2

52
Q

Where is parasympathetic outflow?

A

Craniosacral
Cranial nerves: 3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral segments: S2-S4

53
Q

Ganglia of the parasympathetic ns:

A
  1. Ganglia of the head
  2. Intramural ganglia (within the walls of the target organ)
54
Q

Enteric ns regulates:

A

Peristalsis
Glandular secretion

55
Q

What are 3 features of autonomic ns that are different from somatic?

A
  1. Effector innervated
  2. No. Neurones between CNS and Effector
  3. Neurotransmission
    • the type NT used
    • NT released
56
Q

What are the splanchnic nerves?

A

Paired autonomic nerves that carry both
- sympathetic visceral fibres
- sensory fibres
Except pelvic splanchnic nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres

57
Q

Are the CNS and PNS continuous

A

Yes they are not separate or distinct

58
Q

Through which organ system does the autonomic ns maintain homeostasis

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Thermos-regulative apparatus (37C)

59
Q

Effectors of the ANS

A
  1. Smooth muscle
    In walls of blood vessel
    In tube of GI tract
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Secretary glands
60
Q

How do the SNS and PNS differ anatomically

A

Innervate different effectors
Have different receptors
Use different NT
Number of neurones btw effector and CNS

61
Q

What are the receptors of the ANS

A
  1. Visceral e.g. baroreceptors
    Not consciously perceived. Responsible for internal monitoring.
  2. Somatosensory/ external environment
    E.g. vision, hearing, touch and detection of joints and limbs
62
Q

Can sensory information produce both ANS and somatic NS outflow?

A

Yes

63
Q

Examples of interaction of autonomic and somatic nervous system

A
  1. Focusing eyes on near objects
    ANS - pupil lense adjustments
    Somatic - eye movements to look at object
  2. Response to cold
    ANS - vasoconstriction vessels near skin
    Somatic - shivering
64
Q

Why is somatic innervation said to be discrete

A

One single uninterrupted neurone from cell body in CNS to effector
Innervate specific skeletal muscle fibres
Precise coordination over a small area

65
Q

What is the advantage of preganglionic fibres branching to innervate multiple post ganglionic fibres

A

Synchronised and Wide spread effect
Activation of many different cell types (cardiac and smooth)

66
Q

What is the advantage of ANS having diffuse release of NT

A

Diffuse over a large area via branching network
NT released at multiple sites

  1. Small number of post ganglionic neurones can influence a large number of effector cells
  2. High level of coordination btw smooth muscle cells
  3. In an organ we can organise the change in activity through activation of a small number of post ganglionic neurones
67
Q

How can a drug target SNS and PNS

A

Target cholinergic transmission

68
Q

NT of the SNS

A

Pre ganglionic - ACh and nAChR
Post ganglionic - noradrenaline and adrenoceptors

69
Q

NT of the PNS

A

Pre ganglionic - ACh and nAChR
Post ganglionic - ACh and mAChR (muscarinic)

70
Q

Advantage of catecholamines being directly secreted from adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines can activate non innervated receptors (Adrenergic receptors)
Distant from nerve terminals
Receptors activated by circulating catecholamines
Adrenergic receptors located in smooth muscle of bronchioles and some blood vessels

71
Q

Why is adrenal medulla known as neuroendocrine organ

A

Medulla cells are neuroendocrine cells because they release adrenaline and NAd into the blood

72
Q

What is the role of SNS

A

Alert and active
Active in maintaining homeostasis
Active when emergency

73
Q

What is the role of PNS

A

Rest and digest
Energy conservation when sleeping/ relaxing
Gaining energy through digestion
Emptying (bowel/ bladder)

74
Q

How does the heart use dual innervation that work antagonistically

A

SNS increases HR
PNS decreases HR

75
Q

How does the GIT use dual innervation that work antagonistically

A

SNS decreases motility
PNS increases motility
Via action of NS on the smooth muscle cells of GIT

76
Q

An example of antagonistic dual functional control with different muscles

A

Smooth muscles surrounding pupil of eye
Smooth muscle cells arrange in 2 bands (inner and outer)
Outer band = constrictor (circular muscle)
Inner band = dilator (radial muscle)

77
Q

How is pupil constriction caused?

A

PNS innervates circular muscle (sphincter pupillae)
Contraction of circular muscle

78
Q

How is pupil dilation caused?

A

SNS innervates radial muscles (dilator pupillae)
Contraction of radial muscle

79
Q

Examples of single innervation

A

Sweat glands only have SNS input
Smooth muscles of most blood vessels have SNS only
Lens adjustments by PNS

80
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

In most blood vessels
Only SNS input but degree of input varies
Increase in SNS activity - vasoconstriction
Decrease in SNS activity - vasodilation

Contrasts with somatic ns which is more on and off (skeletal muscle either contracts or relaxes)

81
Q

Which blood vessels receive dual innervation

A

PNS and SNS input
Head
Neck
Reproductive organs

Antagonistic effect:
SNS vasoconstriction
PNS vasodilation

82
Q

Example of dual innervation thats not antagonistic

A

Exocrine glands in the head and neck e.g. salivary glands

Male sex organs:
PNS innervation: erection “point”
SNS Innervation: ejaculation “shoot”

Need erection before ejaculation

83
Q

What is the SNS input to salivary glands

A

Production of low volume, sticky, viscous saliva
SNS causes vasoconstriction in head/ neck blood vessels
Reduces blood flow to salivary gland
Less raw product (fluids, ions) delivered to gland

84
Q

Why do we get dry mouth when anxious

A

SNS is alerted
Mouth is less wet with thick and sticky saliva
PNS>SNS when at rest

85
Q

How does PNS effect salivary gland

A

Promotes secretion of watery and more saliva
PNS input to blood vessels of head and neck cause vasodilation
More raw material to salivary glands
Saliva lubricates food before goes into GIT

86
Q

How does SNS activity cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Vasoconstriction:
Innervation of skin blood vessels
Cause NAd release from SNS
NAd acts on alpha receptors
Smooth muscle of vessels constricts

Vasodilation:
SNS innervates adrenal medulla so adrenaline released
Adrenal binds to beta receptors
Relaxation of smooth muscle of vessels

Work in combination simultaneously

87
Q

What is the most common receptor in most blood vessels

A

Alpha receptors
Hence more vasoconstriction

88
Q

Receptors in blood vessels that supply skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Beta and alpha receptors
So vasodilation and vasoconstriction

89
Q

How SNS and PNS work together not antagonistically

A

Exocrine glands of head and neck - salivary and sweat
Male sex organs
PNS erection
SNS ejaculation

90
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglion of the head

A

Ciliary
Pterygopalatine
Submandibular
Otic

91
Q

3 types of pre aortic ganglia

A

Coeliac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

92
Q

What do ANS fibres follow

A

Blood vessels

93
Q

What does the ventral and dorsal ramus supply

A

Dorsal - back
Ventral - anterior body and limbs

NAS (17 decks)

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