Autonomic Nervous System Drugs

Question 1

What is Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

• Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Sympathetic nervous system effects are “fight or flight” whereas parasympathetic nervous system effects are “rest and digest” or “rest and relaxation.”

Question 2

What are the two (2) types of neurons?

Answer 2

EFFERENT: (Motor)
- It is the one who receives impulses and transmits them from the spinal cord to effector organ cells.

AFFERENT: (Sensory)
- It is the one who sends impulses to the (CNS) Central Nervous System.

Question 3

The difference Between Autonomic NS / Visceral System and Somatic NS

Answer 3

Autonomic NS/ Visceral System:
- It is involuntary, and it controls and regulates the heart, GI, Respiratory System, Glands, Bladder, and eyes.

Somatic NS:
- It is voluntary and it is the one that innervates the skeletal muscles.

Question 4

What are the difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic?

Answer 4

Sympathetic NS:
- It is the terminal for the Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine. Alpha and Beta are receptor organ cells.

Parasympathetic NS:
- Acetylcholine is the terminal Neurotransmitter. Nicotinic and muscarinic are receptor organ cells.

Question 5

What is the difference between Agonist and Antagonist?

Answer 5

The effects of Agonist and Antagonist will depend on the inhibitory action of the drug that was used.

Agonist:
- It is the drugs that produce a response.

Antagonist:
- It is the one who blocks a response from the drugs.

Question 6

What is SNS?

Answer 6

SNS means Sensory Nervous System, It is Stimulated by physical or emotional stress, pain, intense emotions, hemorrhage, or temperature extremes.
It also increased the capacity for vigorous muscle activity in order to respond to a perceived threat

Question 7

The Differences between Catecholamines and Noncatecholamines. Selective and Non-Selective.

Answer 7

Catecholamines:
- It has a catechol ring and amines. It is responsible for the body’s response to fight or flight. In addition, catecholamines are considered hormones that function as neurotransmitters.

Noncatecholamines:
- It has no catechol ring or nucleus. It is an adrenergic drug that is used for active alpha and beta receptors.

Selective:
- It is the one that influences only one type of receptor.

Non-Selective:
- The one that influences all the receptors.

Question 8

What are Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1, and Beta2 receptors?

Answer 8

Alpha 1:
It causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure (Hypertension) by increasing arteriole resistance.

Alpha 2:
It causes a decrease in vasoconstriction. This results in a drop in blood pressure (hypotension) and can also cause bradycardia.

Beta 1 :
It causes an increase in renin release which causes an increase in blood pressure due to activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

Beta 2:
Found on the vasculature and smooth muscle (bronchioles). If it is stimulated it can cause bronchodilation, vasodilation, decreased BP, decrease peripheral resistance, decreased diastolic pressure, and insulin release.

Question 9

What is an Adrenergic Agonist?

Answer 9

Adrenergic Agonist was able to combine receptors to initiate actions.

Question 10

What are the possible side effects of Adrenergic Agonists?

Answer 10

The Possible side effects of adrenergic agonists are:

• Tissue Necrosis
• Tachycardia
• Dizziness
• Palpitations
• Increased Blood Pressure.
• Urinary retention.
• Nausea and vomiting

Question 11

What are Adrenergic Antagonist/Blockers?

Answer 11

Adrenergic Antagonist also known as sympatholytic, because it is the one who blocks the effects of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS).

Question 12

What is a Cholinergic Agonist?

Answer 12

It is a drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, they have the ability to mimic the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Question 13

What is Cholinergic Antagonist?

Answer 13

Drugs that inhibit the actions of acetylcholine by occupying the acetylcholine receptors are called cholinergic antagonists (blocking agents).

Question 14

What is Anticholinergic Drug?

Answer 14

It is a prescription medication that is used in treating urinary, lung, and stomach issues.

Question 15

2 Types of Anticholinergic Drugs

Answer 15

(a) Anti-Muscarinic
- Muscarinic receptors bind acetylcholine as well as muscarine, an alkaloid found in some deadly mushrooms (it was first isolated in Amanita muscaria).

(b) Anti-Nicotinic
- Nicotinic receptors, unlike muscarinic receptors (which are G-protein coupled receptors), are ligand-gated ion channels. When coupled to acetylcholine, these receptors undergo a conformational shift that allows sodium ions to enter, causing the effector cell to depolarize.

Question 16

What is Ganglionic Blockers?

Answer 16

Ganglion blockers protect the membrane against cholinergic activation by occupying receptor sites on the postganglionic axon. Ganglionic blocking agents are classified based on their chemical structure or mode of action.

Question 17

What is Neuro-Muscular Blocker?

Answer 17

Neuromuscular blocking drugs are classified as either depolarizing or nondepolarizing dependingon just how they affectthe motor endplate.

Question 18

What is Depolarizing Agent?

Answer 18

Depolarizing muscle relaxants function as acetylcholine (ACh) receptor agonists by binding to ACh receptors on the motor endplate and causing an action potential.

Question 19

What is Non-Depolarizing Agent?

Answer 19

Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants that operate as antagonists. They bind to (ACh) receptors but they do not generate nerve impulses.

Question 20

What is adverse?

Answer 20

A negative or unusual outcome. An undesirable impact may be generated by the administration of a drug or by chemical exposure and appear as an adverse event such as disease or death.