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Semester 2 systems > Autonomic nervous system 3 > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

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2
Q

What determines what kind of catecholamine receptor there will be?

A

The enzymes present, because they are all derived form the same pathway

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3
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of the catecholamines?

A
  • Tyrosine to DOPA

* Tyrosine hydroxylase

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4
Q

What are the enzymes present in the catecholamine pathway?

A
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase
  • DOPA decarboxylase
  • Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) (membrane bound)
  • PNMT
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5
Q

Where is PMNT located?

A

Mainly in the adrenal medulla

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6
Q

What induces PMNT?

A

Adrenal cortex hormones

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7
Q

What can inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase?

A

Catecholamines

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8
Q

Which catecholamine pathway enzyme is targeted in treating the hypertension in pregnancy?

A

DOPA decarboxylase

Targets the production of noradrenaline

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9
Q

What is methydopa?

A

Inhibits DOPA decarboxylase- treatment of Parkinson’s

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10
Q

What is noradrenaline release facilitated by?

A

Calcium ions

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11
Q

What receptors are present of the presynaptic terminal?

A

α2 adrenoreceptors

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12
Q

What is the role of α2 adrenoreceptors

A
  • Binding of noradrenaline signals that there is enough noradrenaline
  • Decreases the Ca 2+ influx
  • Therefore decreases noradrenaline release
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13
Q

What happens to noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft?

A
  • ~75% recaptured by neurones
  • Norepinephrine transporter (back into the neurone) (NET)
  • Repackaged by vesicular monoamine transporter
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14
Q

What is noradrenaline uptake and degradation affected by?

A
  • Sympathomimetic drugs
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • Uptake inhibitors
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15
Q

How do monoamine oxidase inhibitors work?

A

Dopinergic transmission stops the internal degradation of dopamine/noradrenaline so there is more to release - important in the treatment of mental disorders

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16
Q

How do uptake inhibitors work?

A

Prevents the uptake, prolonging the duration of effect at the junction

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17
Q

How do amphetamines act as a drug of abuse?

A
  • Hijacks the transport system and displaces the noradrenaline
  • NET transporter in reverse: takes amphetamine up and forces noradrenaline out meaning it is released (also from vesicles and amphetamine causes vesicles to be released)
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18
Q

Which drugs affect catecholamine synthesis?

A

Methyldopa

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19
Q

Which drugs affect catecholamine release?

A
  • Drugs that act on the α2 adrenoreceptors e.g. clonidine

* Drugs that are indirectly acting sympathomimetics e.g. amphetamines

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20
Q

Which drugs are inhibitors of catecholamine uptake?

A

• NET inhibitors e.g. cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants

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21
Q

Which drugs inhibit catecholamine metabolic degradation?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors used in depression

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22
Q

What class of receptors are adrenergic receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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23
Q

What are the two main groups of adrenoreceptors?

A

α(1 and 2)

β (1,2 and 3)

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24
Q

β3

A

Adipocytes very little drugs target it

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25
Q

Where is the main location of the α1 receptor?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • GI tract
  • Genitourinary
26
Q

What is the cellular response from the α1 receptor?

A
  • Increased IP3

* Increased DAG

27
Q

What is the functional ANS response of the α1 receptor?

A
  • Vasoconstriction

* Smooth muscle contraction (GI sphincters and genitourinary)

28
Q

Where is the main location of the α2 receptor?

A

Neuronal

29
Q

What is the cellular response of the α2 receptor?

A

Decreases cAMP

30
Q

What is the functional ANS response of the α2 receptor?

A

Decreased transmitter release

31
Q

Where is the main location of the β1 receptor?

A
  • Heart

* Kidneys

32
Q

What is the functional response of the β1 receptor?

A

Increases cAMP

33
Q

What is the functional ANS response of the β1 receptor?

A
  • Increased cardiac rate
  • Increased cardiac force
  • Renin release
34
Q

Where is the main location of the β2 receptor?

A
  • Lungs
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
35
Q

What is the cellular response of the β2 receptor?

A

Increases cAMP

36
Q

What is the functional ANS response of the β2 receptor?

A
  • Bronchodilation
  • Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
  • Vasodilation (Skeletal muscle)
  • Tremor
37
Q

What drugs target upper respiratory tract infection and how?

A
  • Phenylephrine
  • Constricts the airway blood vessels
  • Alpha 1 agonists
38
Q

What drugs target asthma and how?

A 
• Salbutamol
• Salmeterol 
(• Potentially Terbutaline)
• inhaler so directing it to the correct tissue
• Cause bronchodilation 
• β2 receptor
39
Q

What are the side effect of Salbutamol and Salmeterol?

A
  • Muscle tremor

* Cardiac arrhythmias

40
Q

What is the difference between Salbutamol and salmeterol?

A
  • Short acting: Salbutamol

* Long acting: Salmeterol

41
Q

What can Salbutamol be used to treat that salmeterol can’t?

A
  • Premature labour between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation
  • Need to delay delivery to prepare treatment or transfer
  • Causes relaxation of uterine Smoot muscles (B2)
  • stop giving it and effects wear off quickly
42
Q

How can you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

43
Q

How does the symapthetic nervous system increase cardiac output?

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases volume on each stroke
  • Mediated by the β1 receptor
44
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increase total peripheral resistance?

A
  • Constriction of blood vessels (mainly small arteries and arterioles)
  • Mediated by a1 recpetors
45
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Damaged heart, unable to supply enough blood to the organs

46
Q

What drug can be used to treat cardiogenic shock?

A
  • Dobutamine
  • Increases heart rate and force
  • Agonist for the B1 receptor
47
Q

Which drugs can decrease blood pressure and how?

A
  • Prazosin - antagonist for a1
  • Propranolol - decreases heart rate and force by blocking B1 receptors and decreases renin release by kidneys B1
  • Antenolol - decreases heart rate and force by blocking B1 and decreases renin release B1
  • Clonidine- stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha 2 receptors, decreases noradrenaline release, central effect
48
Q

What is the difference between propranolol and atenolol?

A
  • Receptor selectivity
  • Atenolo binds beta 1
  • Propanolol binds to beta 1 and 2
49
Q

Which groups of people would you not want to give propananol to and why?

A
  • Asthmatics

* Blocks Beta 2 receptor - less bronchorestriction

50
Q

What drugs can be used to treat cardiac dysrhthmias?

A
  • Propranolol: decreases heart rate and force by blocking B1 receptors, renin release
  • Atenolol, decreases heart rate and force by blocking B1 receptors, renin release by kidneys
51
Q

Which agonist is appropriate for cardiac arrest? Why?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Vasoconstriction a1
  • Increases heart rate B1
52
Q

What is the appropriate drug to treat anaphylaxis?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Vasoconstriction a1
  • Decrease of histamine release by mast cells causing bonchodilation B2
  • Increases heart rate and force B1
53
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Swollen prostate causing problems with passing urine

54
Q

What is used to treat bening prostatic hyperplasia?

A

• Prazosin
- relaxes bladder neck and prostate capsule by blocking a1 receptors
• Tamsulosin
- more prostate specific

55
Q

What are the agonists for the alpha 1 receptor?

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
  • Phenylephrine
56
Q

What are the agonists for the alpha 2 receptor?

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
  • Clonidine
57
Q

What are the agonists for the beta 2 receptor?

A
  • Adrenalin
  • Noradrenaline
  • Salbutamol
  • Salmeterol
58
Q

What are the agonists for the Beta 2 receptor?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
  • Salbutamol
  • Salmeterol
  • Dobutamine
59
Q

What are the antagonists for the alpha 1 receptor?

A
  • Phenotalamine +++
  • Prazosin +++
  • Carvediol +
60
Q

What are the antagonists for the alpha 2 receptor?

A
  • Phentolamine +++
  • Prazosin +
  • Carvediol +
61
Q

What are the antagonists for the beta 1 receptor?

A
  • Propranolol +++
  • Atenolol +++
  • Carvediol ++
62
Q

What are the antagonists for the B2 receptor?

A
  • Propranolol +++
  • Atenolol +
  • Carvediol ++

Semester 2 systems (6 decks)

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