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Semester 2 systems > Autonomic nervous system 2 > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is involved in the innervation of skeletal muscle?

A

ACh (nicotinic)

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2
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is involved in the innervation of blood vessels?

A
  • Presynaptic to postsynaptic neurone synapse is ACh nicotinic
  • On the synapse onto the target organ, noradrenaline
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3
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is involved in the innervation of Sweat glands?

A
  • Presynaptic neurone to postsynaptic neurone synapse is ACh (nicotinic)
  • On the synapse onto the target organ, ACh muscarinic
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4
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is involved in the innervation of the Adrenal medulla?

A

ACh nicotinic

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is involved in the innervation of the salivary glands?

A

ACh - nicotinic from presynaptic to postsynaptic ganglion

ACh - muscarinic receptor

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6
Q

Which division of the nervous system has acetylcholine receptors in all synapses?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

What are the differences between the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

A
  • Muscle: Two α1 units, β1, γ, δ

* Ganglia: Two α3 units, Three β2 units

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8
Q

What type of channel is the muscarinic receptor?

A

Metabotropic

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9
Q

What effect is there on a tissue if they are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

They are usually predominated by the parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What does up regulation of signalling of acetylcholine at the target tissue cause?

A 
SLUDGE effects:
• Salivation 
• Lacrimation
• Urination
• Defecation 
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Emesis
Bradycardia, hypotension, Bronchoconstriction
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11
Q

Where are the nicotinic ACh receptors present?

A
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Sympathetic ganglia
  • Parasympathetic ganglia
  • Central nervous system
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12
Q

Where are the muscarinic ACh receptors present?

A
  • Parasympathetic target organs
  • Sweat glands (sympathetic NS)
  • Vascular smooth muscle
  • Central nervous system
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13
Q

What are the agonists for the Muscarinic ACh receptor and what is the relative specificity of each?

A
  • Acetylcholine (+++)
  • Muscarine (+++)
  • Bethanechol (+++)
  • Pilocarpine (++)
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14
Q

What are the agonists for the Nicotinic ACh receptor and what is the relative specificity of each?

A
  • Acetylcholine (+++)

* Nicotine (+++)

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15
Q

What is the main location of the M1 receptor?

A
  • Autonomic ganglia

* Glands: Gastric, salivary, lacrimal etc.

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16
Q

What cellular response is caused by the M1 receptor?

A
  • Increase of IP3

* Increase DAG

17
Q

What is the functional response of the M1 receptor?

A

Gastric secretion

18
Q

What is the main location of the M2 receptor?

A

In the atria of the heart (especially nodal tissue)

19
Q

What is the cellular response of the M2 receptor?

A

Decreases cAMP (inhibits some of the heart’s processes)

20
Q

What is the functional response of the M2 receptor?

A

Cardiac inhibition

21
Q

Where is the main location of the M3 receptor?

A
  • Exocrine glands: gastric, salivary glands etc.
  • Smooth muscle: GI tract, eyes, airways, bladder
  • Blood vessels: Endothelium
22
Q

What are the cellular responses of the M3 receptor?

A
  • Increased IP3

* Increase DAG

23
Q

What are the function responses of the M3 receptor?

A
  • Gastric and salivary secretion
  • GI smooth muscle contraction
  • Ocular accommodation
  • Vasodilation
24
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are found in the CNS?

A

M1, M2, M4, M5

25
Q

Which muscarinic receptor is found on the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells?

A

M3

26
Q

Give 2 agonists of the muscarinic ACh receptor

A
  • Pilocarpine

* Bethanechol

27
Q

Pilocarpine - Pharmacological properties and clinical uses

A
  • non-selective muscarinic agonist
  • Causes constriction of the pupil (miosis)
  • Used to treat Glaucoma (to decrease intraocular pressure) (eye drops)
  • To treat Xerostomia (dry mouth following head/neck radiotherapy) Orally/ spray
28
Q

Bethanechol - Pharmacological properties and clinical uses

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic agonist
  • To treat bladder and gastrointestinal hypotonia
  • poorly absorbed, readily excreted
29
Q

What are the muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists?

A
  • Atropine
  • Glycopyrronium
  • Hyoscine hydobromide
  • Hyoscine butyl bromide
  • Ipratropium
  • Tropicamide
30
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of Atropine

A 
• Non-selective antagonist
• Effects the CNs
• Well absorbed orally
- Bradycardia and cardiac arrest 
- Used as an adjunct for anaesthesia 
- Treat anti cholinesterase poisoning
31
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of glycopyrronium

A

• Similar to atropine
• Doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier
- Similar clinical uses to atropine

32
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses ofHyoscine Hydrobromide

A

• Similar to atropine
• Affects the CNS
- Prevents hyper salivation
- Treats motion sickness

33
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of Hyoscine butyl bromide

A

• Similar to Atropine but poorly absorbed
• Does not cross the blood brain barrier
- Treats GI spasms

34
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of Ipratropium

A

• Delivered via inhaler ot nebuliser
• Doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier
- Maintenance treatment of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder)

35
Q

What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of Tropicamide

A

• Similar to atropine but shorter acting

- Ophthalmic use (mydriasis)

36
Q

Describe the cause of glaucoma and describe its treatment

A
  • Canal of Schlemm blocked so fluid cannot be properly drained, causes build up of pressure
  • Trapicomide is used, it causes the constrictor muscle to relax, opening up the apature

Semester 2 systems (6 decks)

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