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OPT 532 > Autonomic Innvervation > Flashcards

Autonomic Innvervation Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the preganglionic sympathetic neuron found?

A

In the lateral horn of the spinal cord T1-L2

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2
Q

True or false: the sympathetic preganglionic axon exits the spinal cord through the dorsal root.

A

False. It exits through the ventral root

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3
Q

Where can preganglionic parasympathetic neurons be found?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla, or sacral spinal cord

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4
Q

What ocular structures are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Iris dilator, Müller’s muscle, choroidal and conjunctival blood vessels, ciliary muscle, lacrimal gland

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5
Q

What is the pathway of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron?

A

Lateral horn –> ventral root –> superior cervical ganglion (near vertebrae 2 and 3)

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6
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron to the iris dilator and ciliary muscles?

A

Superior cervical ganglion –> sympathetic carotid plexus –> ophthalmic division of CN V –> nasociliary nerve –> long ciliary nerves –> iris dilator and ciliary muscles

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7
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of the iris dilator muscle?

A

Contraction of the iris dilator, leading to mydriasis

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8
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle?

A

A small inhibition, leading to slight decrease in accommodation

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9
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron to the choroidal blood vessels?

A

Superior cervical ganglion –> sympathetic carotid plexus –> ophthalmic division of CN V –> nasociliary nerve –> sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (no synapse) –> short ciliary nerves –> choroidal blood vessels

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10
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of choroidal blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron to Müller’s muscle?

A

Superior cervical ganglion –> sympathetic carotid plexus –> oculomotor nerve –> superior division –> Müller’s muscle

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12
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of Müller’s muscle?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle in eyelids, widening the palpebral fissure

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13
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron to the conjunctival blood vessels?

A

Superior cervical ganglion –> sympathetic carotid plexus –> ophthalmic division of CN V –> nasociliary nerveAt this point the fibers may either enter the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion and continue through the short ciliary nerves, or simply continue along the long ciliary nerves.

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14
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of conjunctival blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron to lacrimal gland blood vessels?

A

Superior cervical ganglion –> sympathetic carotid plexus –> deep petrosal nerve –> vidian nerve –> pterygopalatine ganglion (no synapse) –> maxillary division of CN V –> zygomatic nerve –> communicating branch –> lacrimal nerve –> lacrimal gland blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the result of sympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction, possibly resulting in decreased tear production

17
Q

What is another name for the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Sphenopalatine ganglion

18
Q

True or false: the pterygopalatine ganglion is considered a sympathetic ganglion

A

False. It is considered a parasympathetic ganglion because parasympathetic fibers synapse here. (Sympathetic fibers pass through but do not synapse here.)

19
Q

What ocular structures are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Iris sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle, lacrimal gland

20
Q

What is the pathway of the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron whose final destination is either the iris sphincter muscle or the ciliary muscle?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (in midbrain) –> oculomotor nerve –> inferior division –> parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (synapse)

21
Q

What is another name for the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

A

Parasympathetic accessory third-nerve nucleus

22
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron to the iris sphincter muscle?

A

Ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary nerves –> iris sphincter

23
Q

What is the result of parasympathetic innervation of the iris sphincter muscle?

A

Contraction, resulting in miosis

24
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron to the ciliary muscle?

A

Ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary nerves –> ciliary muscle

25
Q

What is the result of parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle?

A

Contraction, resulting in accommodation

26
Q

What is the pathway of the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron whose final destination is the lacrimal gland?

A

Lacrimal nucleus (in pons) –> facial nerve –> greater petrosal nerve –> vidian nerve –> pterygopalatine ganglion (synapse)

27
Q

What is the pathway of the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron to the iris lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion –> maxillary division of CN V –> zygomatic nerve –> communicating branch –> lacrimal nerve –> lacrimal gland

28
Q

What is the result of parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

Lacrimation

29
Q

Describe the size and location of the ciliary ganglion.

A

2 mm long, 1 mm high, located within the muscle cone between LR and the ON about 1 mm anterior to the optic canal

30
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the corneal blink reflex?

A

Sensation of pain: CN VLid closure, lacrimation, miosis: CN VII

31
Q

Which adrenergic agonists are used as ophthalmic ANS drugs?

A

Direct-acting: epinephrine, phenylephrineIndirect-acting: hydroxyamphetamine, cocaine

32
Q

Which adrenergic antagonists are used as ophthalmic ANS drugs?

A

Dapiprazole (used to reverse phenylephrine-induced mydriasis)

33
Q

Which cholinergic agonists are used as ophthalmic ANS drugs?

A

Direct-acting: PilocarpineIndirect-acting: Physostigmine

34
Q

Which cholinergic antagonists are used as ophthalmic ANS drugs?

A

Atropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide

OPT 532 (11 decks)

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