Autonomic/cardio general info

Question 0

Just parasympathetic

Answer 0

Ciliary muscle, sublingual gland

Question 1

Just sympathetic

Answer 1

Ventricle, sweat glands, pilomotor fibers, adrenal gland, blood vessels

Question 2

Synergistic ANS

Answer 2

Pupillary diameter, male sex organs

Question 3

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Answer 3

Neuromuscular and preganglionic

Question 4

Muscarinic adrenergic

Answer 4

Postganglionic parasympathetic and sweat glands

Question 5

NE released from…

Answer 5

Postganglionic sympathetic, adrenal medulla, some CNS neurons

Question 6

Rate limiting step of ACh formation

Answer 6

Choline transport via Na dependent choline transporter

Question 7

Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis

Answer 7

Tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine to DOPA)

Question 8

Conversion of Dopamine to NE is done by…

Answer 8

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase

Question 9

Type of G protein
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta

Answer 9

Alpha 1: Gq
Alpha 2: Gi
Beta: Gs

Question 10

Alpha sensitivity to catelcholamines

Answer 10

Epi>NE>isoproterenol

Question 11

Beta sensitivity

Answer 11

Isoproterenol>Epi=NE

Question 12

Phenyleprine relative affinity

Answer 12

Alpha agonist

A1>A2»»>B

Question 13

Clonidine relative affinity

Answer 13

Alpha agonist

A2>A1»»>B

Question 14

NE relative affinity

Answer 14

Mixed agonist

A1=A2 B1»B2

Question 15

Epinephrine relative affinity

Answer 15

Mixed agonist

Equal for all

Question 16

Dobutamine relative affinity

Answer 16

Beta agonist

B1>B2»»a

Question 17

Isoproterenol relative affinity

Answer 17

Beta agonist

Equal for B»»alpha

Question 18

Albuterol, terbutaline, salmeterol relative affinities

Answer 18

Beta agonists

B2»B1»»»a

Question 19

Generations of beta blockers

Answer 19

1st generation: non selective beta blockers
2nd generation: selective for B1
3rd generation: non selective with A1 antagonism

Question 20

When to use selective B1 blocker

Answer 20

Bronchospasm, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, or Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 21

Location of M1 receptors

Answer 21

Autonomic ganglia and CNS

IP3, DAG Gq pathway

Question 22

Location of M2 receptors

Answer 22

Myocardium, smooth muscles, autonomic nerve terminals

Inhibits adenylate cyclase Gi pathway

Question 23

Location of M3 receptors

Answer 23

Smooth muscles, eye and secretory glands

Gq

Question 24

Location of M4 receptors

Answer 24

CNS | Gi pathway

Question 25

Location of M5 receptors

Answer 25

Low levels in CNS | Gq pathway

Question 26

Safe for public use insecticide

Answer 26

Malathion

Question 27

SLUDGE

Answer 27

``` Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation GI disturbances Eye miosis ```

Question 28

Mydriatics

Answer 28

Dilate the pupils Phenylephrine short duration Atropine long duration

Question 29

Cycloplegics

Answer 29

Drugs that paralyze ciliary muscle Cyclopentoate 1 day duration Tropicamide 5-6 hour duration

Question 30

Glaucoma IOP

Answer 30

>30 mm Hg

Question 31

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 31

Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand of the heart

Question 32

Angina pectoris

Answer 32

Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

Question 33

Myocardial stunning

Answer 33

Brief period of myocardial ischemia causing a prolonged impairment of myocardial dysfunction with a gradual return to normal function

Question 34

Myocardial hibernation

Answer 34

Reduction in myocardial contractility to match reduced oxygen supply

Question 35

Myocardial infarction

Answer 35

Death of cardiac cells due to myocardial ischemia

Question 36

Chronic stable angina

Answer 36

atherosclerosis | Exertion angina

Question 37

Variant angina

Answer 37

Spasm of coronary vessel

Question 38

Unstable angina

Answer 38

Non occlusive coronary thrombus | Acute coronary syndrome

Question 39

Myocardial infarction

Answer 39

Occlusive coronary thrombus | Acute coronary thrombus

Question 40

Physiological responses to myocardial failure

Answer 40

Ventricular dilatation and neurohormonal activation within mins Myocardial remodeling in weeks to months

Question 41

Main Drugs used to treat chronic heart failure

Answer 41

Diuretics, renin angiotensin system inhibitors, beta blockers, Aldosterone antagonists

Question 42

Drugs to treat acutely decompensated heart failure

Answer 42

Diuretics, nitrates, beta agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Question 43

Arrhythmias caused by

Answer 43

Alterations in extra cellular electrolyte concentrations Neuronal, hormonal or drug actions on the heart Intrinsic changes in the electrical properties of cardiac contractile or specialized conducting tissue

Question 44

Equation of circulation

Answer 44

Mean arterial pressure=COx TPR