Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Conditions 1 > Automomic Nervous system: overview and medications > Flashcards

Automomic Nervous system: overview and medications Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the ANS affected by

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • vasculature
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What NT does the sympathetic NS use

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • adrenergic system/Ach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What NT does the parasympathetic NS use

A
  • acetylcholine
  • cholinergic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic cell

A

Sympathetic:
- pre ganglionic is short/close to the spinal cord and releases ACh
- post ganglionic is long and releases Ach, NE, dopamine, EP

Parasympathetic:
- pre-ganglionic is long and releases ACh
- post-ganglionic is short and releases ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ANS: sympathetic nervous system overview

A
  • neurons in spinal cord connection to sympatetic chain ganglion outside the spine
  • provide input to organs, arterioles, skin
  • adrenergic system or thoracolumbar
  • epi, norepi, and dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

effects of the sympathetic NS

A
  • increase HR and BP
  • increase in heart contractility
  • bronchodilation
  • vasodilation to skeletal muscle
  • kidney secrete renin
  • sweating
  • decrease GI activity
  • bladder relaxes and sphincter contracts
  • pupils dilate
  • gluconeogensis/glycogenolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the basic function for the parasympathetic NS, where do the nerves mainly come from and what NT does it use

A
  • neurons in brain stem or saccral spinal cord connect to cranial nerves or pelvic
  • provide imputs to organs like the heart, lungs, and bladder
  • cholinergic system also called craniosacral
  • uses Acetylcholine (Ach)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main effects of parasympathetic NS stimulation

A
  • Decrease in HR and BP
  • decreased cardiac contractility
  • bronchoconstriction (this also maintains moisture)
  • increase in GI activity
  • bladder constricts and sphincters relax
  • pupils constrict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What in the body does not have any direct parasympathetic input to

A
  • arterioles
  • kidney
  • radial muscles of iris
  • sweat glands
  • liver
  • fat cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic NS receptors system: used in both sympathetic and parasympathetic

A
  • Ach is used to transmit information from the brainstem or spinal cord to the autonomic ganglia
  • nicotinic receptors
  • these neurons then connect to peripheral structures
  • used in both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system receptors
- where are they located generally
- types
- what do they do

A
  • the second set of neurons release norepinenphrine (after chain ganglion)
  • attaches to alpha or beta receptors
  • difference receptors on different organs
  • can increase or decrease sympathetic input to peripheral cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alpha receptors in the sympathetic NS

A

primarily in peripheral arterioles of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Beta 1 receptors in the sympathetic NS

A
  • primarily in the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beta 2 receptors in the sympathetic NS

A

primarily in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The second set of neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system receptors

A
  • release Ach
  • Ach attaches to muscarinic receptors in peripheral cells
  • increase parasympathetic effect
  • muscarinic is just in parasympathetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ANS medications: agonist - general for both sympathetic and parasympathetic

A
  • adrenergics: stimulate sympathetic NS meaning they are agonist
  • cholinergics stimulate the parasymapthetic
  • mimetics = mimics which can mean an agonist also
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ANS medications: antagonist - general for both sympathetic and parasympathetic

A
  • beta blockers = inhibit sympathetic NS
  • alpha blockers = inhibit sympathetic NS
  • anticholinergics = inhibit parasympathetic NS
  • lytics = breaks/blocks action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drug mechanism on NT in the ANS

A
  • action potential
  • synthesis, storage, release
  • postsynaptic receptor
  • metabolism, reuptake, degradation
  • continued NT release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Receptors and pharmacology are…

A
  • receptor-specific drugs can target specific organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do cholinergic drugs typically affect

A
  • parasympathetic system
  • muscular system
  • brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cholinergics stimulants

A

increase action of neurons that use Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the types of cholinergics stimulants and what do they do

A
  1. direct: bind to receptor for Ach
  2. block action of acetylcholinesterase so Ach can be used longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Direct cholinergic stimulants
- how does it work
- what does it do

A
  • receptor specificity for muscarinic receptors (so it just affects Parasympathetic)
  • increases parasympathetic activity
24
Q

examples of direct cholinergic stimulants

A
  • bethanechol: treats urinary retention or ileus (take mostly after surgery due to bowel stop working and backs up the colon)
  • nicotine pathes or gum
25
Q

Indirect cholinergic stimulants

A
  • increase availability of Ach by reducing the AchE
  • non-specific effects: increase availability throughout the body not at a particular part
  • can increase Ach activity at nicotinic receptors (which are found in sympathetic NS also)
  • some drugs have specificity at certain doses
  • uses: increase Ach availble at neuromuscular junction, brain, treat glaucoma, urinary retention
26
Q

What are the side effects of cholinergic stimulants?

A
  • increase in parasympathetic function…
  • GI distress: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
  • bronchoconstriction and increased salivation (keeps moisture)
  • bradycardia
  • pupils constricted, impacts vision
27
Q

Rehab considerations for cholinergic stimulants

A
  • bronchoconstriction: pace activities (dyspnea)
  • urinary frequency with abdominal contractions
  • impaired vision in low light
  • fall risk
28
Q

Rehab considerations with nicotine

A
  • increase in blood pressure
  • non-prescription (smoking/vaping)
  • decrease oxygen-carrying capacity
  • increase risk of angina
29
Q

cholineterase inhibitor poisoning

A
  • caused by too much Ach
  • Diarrhea
  • Urination
  • Miosis: pupil constriction
  • Bradycardia
  • Bronchospasm
  • Excitation of ms
  • Lacrimation
  • Sweating
  • Salivation
30
Q

Anticholinergic drugs: antagonsits

A
  • inhibit parasympathetic NS
  • can block action of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors
  • some can specifically target different subtypes (M1-M5)
  • anticholinergics for nicotinic receptors which will affect both sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • can target autonomic ganglia or neuromuscular junction
31
Q

Uses of anticholinergic drugs

A
  • Gi system: reduces gastric secretion, motility, GI smooth muscle tone
  • used for peptic ulcers, irritable bowl syndrome
  • cardiovascular: reduces bradycardia and some heart arrhythmias
  • bladder: reduces contraction of bladder/reduces tone of bladder muscles
  • eye: reduces pupillary constriction: dilates the eye
32
Q

What can anticholinergics be used for in the brain or brain stem

A
  • parkinsons disease: improves motor symptoms
  • motion sickness
  • targets problems in brain or brainstem
33
Q

Anticholinergic at neuromusclar junction

A
  • Succinylcholine
  • causes temporary paralysis in a larger dose
  • ## can be used during surgery or to input a ventilator to avoid them coughing it up
34
Q

PT considerations for anticholinergics at neuromuscular junction

A
  • nausea
  • emesis: throwing up
  • myalgia: tight muscles
  • hyperkalemia
35
Q

Side effects of anticholinergic drugs

A
  • dry mouth
  • blurred vision
  • tachycardia
  • urinary retention
  • constipation
  • confusion
  • dizziness
  • nervousness
  • drowsiness
36
Q

Rehab considerations for anticholinergics

A
  • increased HR
  • light sensitivity
  • sedation/decrease cognition
  • decreased sweating/hyperthermia
37
Q

Adreneric drugs generally affect what

A
  • sympathetic NS
  • brain
  • spinal cord
38
Q

Adrenergic receptors types and where they are located

A
  • Alpha 1: peripheral arterioles of smooth muscles
  • alpha 2: brainstem, spinal cord
  • Beta 1: primarily in the heart
  • beta 2: primarily in lungs (bronchial smooth muscle)
39
Q

Uses of sympathomimetics

A
  • anaphylaxis - epinephrine; fast acting; causes bronchodilation, vasoconstriction
  • increases alertness: ADHD, narcolepsy, amphetamines (adderall)
  • eyes: increase dilation to reduce itching, or pressure (glaucoma)
  • overactive bladder
  • incontinence in children and adults
40
Q

Cardiovascular uses of sympathomimetics

A

increase blood flow
- heart failure: B1 agonist - increase contractility (positive ionotrope)

decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure
- hemorrhage or spinal shock/hypotensive emergency: alpha 1 agonist
- causes vasoconstriction

41
Q

Respiratory uses of sympathomimetics

A
  • reduce nasal congestion: alpha agonist to promote vasoconstriction so you are not as stuffy
  • reduce bronchoconstriction: beta agonist
  • ei: asthma, COPD, short acting for attacks and long acting for prevention often taken by inhaler
42
Q

Adverse effects of sympathomimetics

A
  • too much stimulation can cause too much of it
  • vasoconstriction, heart attack (due to increase HR), heart arrhythmia, tachycardia
  • nervousness, anorexia, insomnia
  • pulmonary edema or hemorrhage
  • hypertension
  • hyperglycemia (increase in cortisol and gluconeogeneis)
43
Q

side affects of alpha 1 sympathomimetics

A
  • hypertension
  • headache
  • bradycardia (to try to lower blood pressure)
  • it is called reflex bradycardia/cardiac baroreceptor reflex
44
Q

Side effects of beta agonists (sympathomimetics)
- beta 1 and beta 2

A
  • beta 1: chest pain (less time for heart to get O2 blood), arrhythmias, shortness of breath
  • Beta 2: nervousness, restlessness, trembling (associated with bronchodilation)
45
Q

Mixed sympathomimetics side effects (occur in any of them)

A
  • nervousness
  • restlessness
  • anxiety
  • hypertension
  • arrhythmias
  • cardiac arrest
46
Q

Adrenergics/sympathomimetics: rehab considerations

A
  • may allow a pt to participate in therapy
  • be cautious with exercise
  • precautions: restlessness, increase BP or hR, angina
47
Q

Sympatholytics:

A
  • adrenergic antagonists
  • adrenergic blockers
48
Q

purpose of sympatholytic drugs

A
  • block action of sympathetic NS
  • most drugs target a specific receptor
  • ex:
    1. alpha anatgonist/alpha blocker
    2. beta anatgonist/beta blockers
49
Q

Alpha blockers

A
  • most are selective to alpha 1 receptors
  • designed to reduce vasoconstriction (bring back to normal vasotone through vasodilation)
  • uses:
    1. treat HTN
    2. some used for benign prostatic hypertrophy
  • end in osin
50
Q

Side effects from alpha blockers

A
  1. reflex tachycardia: BP drops a lot so body compensates by increasing HR
    - baroreceptor reflex
    - decrease effect (baroreceptor reflex) with alpha selective blocker
  2. orthostatic hypotension
51
Q

Beta blockers

A
  • used for effect on beta 1 receptors on the heart
  • beta 1 selective/cardioselective
  • some beta blockers are beta-nonselective (work on both beta 1 and 2)
  • beta 2 selective drugs are not clinically useful - not many times you want to cause bronchoconstriction
52
Q

adverse effects of beta blockers

A
  • blunted exercise response: prevents/decreases HR causing tired and dyspnea
  • orthostatic hypotension, dizziness
  • heart failure
  • depression
  • lethargy
53
Q

uses of beta blockers

A
  • manage hypertension: reduces heart rate and contractility
  • can be used to manage angina, reduce the workload of heart
  • most beta blockers end in -lol
54
Q

Rehab relevance to beta blockers

A
  • orthostatic hypotension: frequent BP checks and aquatics with warm pool can cause systemic vasodilation which decreases BP
  • bronchoconstriction
  • depressed HR/blunted HR response to exercise
55
Q

Side effects of non-selective beta blockers

A
  • bronchoconstriction
  • special concern with existing lung disorders

Medical Conditions 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions