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CLIN CHEM LAB > AUTOMATION > Flashcards

AUTOMATION Flashcards

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1
Q

→ An analytical instrument performs many tests with only
minimal involvement of an analyst
→ also defined as the controlled operation of an apparatus,
process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices
without human intervention

A

AUTOMATION

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2
Q

→ many specimens are grouped in the same analytical
session

A

● BATCH ANALYSIS

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3
Q

→ Transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one
specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent
one

A

● CARRY-OVER

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4
Q

→ each specimen in a batch passes through the same
continuous stream at the same rate and is subjected to the
same analytical reactions

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS

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5
Q

→ Sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is
delivered, often with reagent, through the same orifice into
a reaction cup or another container

A

● DISCRETE ANALYSIS

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6
Q

→ Each specimen is subjected to multiple analytical
processes so that a set of test results is obtained on a
single specimen similar to random access analysis

A

● MULTIPLE CHANNEL ANALYSIS

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7
Q

→ Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a
series of analytical processes at the same time and in a
parallel fashion

A

● PARALLEL ANALYSIS

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8
Q

→ most common configuration of an automated analyzer;
analyses are performed on a collection of specimens
sequentially and each specimen is analyzed for a different
selection of tests

A

● RANDOM ACCESS ANALYSIS

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9
Q

→ Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters
the analytical process one after another and each result or
set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens
are entered

A

● SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS

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10
Q

→ Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to a
single process so that only results for a single analyte are
produced; similar to batch analysis

A

● SINGLE-CHANNEL ANALYSIS

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11
Q

→ The number of specimens processed by an analyzer
during a given period of time, or the rate at which an
analytical system processes specimens

A

THROUGHPUT

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12
Q

→ A clinical laboratory workstation dedicated to a defined
task and contains appropriate lab instrumentation to carry
out that task

A

WORKSTATION

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13
Q

● Describes the process whereby an analytical instrument
performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an
analyst

A

AUTOMATION

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14
Q

Enable laboratories to process much larger workloads without
comparable increases in staff

A

AUTOMATION

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15
Q

Automation used for:

A

Used for:
→ Test performance
→ Processing and transport of specimens
→ Loading of specimens into automated analyzers
→ Assessing the results of the tests performed

TPLA

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16
Q

First automated analyzer

A

Autoanalyzer by Technicon in 1957

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17
Q

Continuous-flow, single-channel, sequential batch analyzer
→ Single test result on approximately _______ samples per hour

A

40

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18
Q

Made by Dupont now known as ___________

A

Siemens

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19
Q

(ACA) means __________

A

Automated Clinical Analyzer

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20
Q

Production of thin film analysis technology

A

1976

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21
Q

Kodak Ektachem (now Vitros) Analyzer (now Ortho-clinical
diagnostics) in ________

A

1978

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22
Q

minimum time from initial sampling to the
production of a result

A

Dwell time:

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23
Q

maximum number of test results than can be
produced by an analyzer in a given time period usually an
hour

A

Throughput:

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24
Q

Employs an integrated track system that links all the
laboratory workstations together to create a continuous
comprehensive network that automates almost all the steps
involved in laboratory testing

A

Total Laboratory Automation

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25
Q

● To automate specific sections of the process that are still
manual operations

A

Stand-Alone Systems

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26
Q

→ all samples are loaded at the same time and a single test
is conducted on each sample
→ Most common, better, and more efficient

A

Batch analysis

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27
Q

The sample flow through a common reaction vessel or
pathway

A

Continuous flow analyzer

28
Q

___________ is used to promote color development or
the completion of enzymatic reaction
→ Most CFA are colorimetric!

A

oil heating bath

29
Q

Kodak ektachem

A

Vitros

30
Q

Analyzer

A

Ortho-clinical diagnostics

31
Q

Dupont

A

Siemens

32
Q

No automation or standalone

A

More staff

33
Q

Partial automation or modular

A

moderate amount of stalff

34
Q

Total laboratory automation

A

fewest staff

35
Q

● The sample flow through a common reaction vessel or
pathway

A

Continuous flow analyzer

36
Q

→ Uniformity in the performance of tests: SAME REACTION
PATH

A

● Advantages

37
Q

→ Significant carryover problems and wasteful use of
continuously following reagents

A

● Disadvantages

38
Q

● Samples travel through the instrument in its own reaction
vessel
● Each test reaction takes place in a separate compartment
that is either cleaned out or disposed of after used
● Have the capability of running multiple tests one sample at a
time or multiple samples one test at a time

A

Discrete Analyzer

39
Q

This is usually done by reading the bar code. This information can be also entered manually.

A

Sample identification

40
Q

The LIS communicates to the analyzer which test have been ordered

A

Determine tests to perform

41
Q

One or more reagents can be dispensed into the reaction cuvette

A

Reagent systems and delivery

42
Q

A small aliquot of the sample is introduced into the reaction to cuvette

A

Specimen measurement and delivery

43
Q

The sample and reagents are mixed and incubated

A

Chemical reaction phase

44
Q

Optical readings may be initiated before or after all reagents have been added

A

Measurement phase

45
Q

The analyte concentration is estimated from a calibration curve that is stored in the analyzer

A

Signal processing and data handling

46
Q

The analyzer to communicates results for the ordered tests to the LIS

A

send results to LIS

47
Q

→ Not common before especially when needed for
confirmatory

A

Courier service

48
Q

→ Not used as often because it has problems
▪ Mechanical problems in the switching process have
been known to cause misrouting of carriers
▪ Prone to hemolysis due to the sudden acceleration and
deceleration and use of proper packing material

A

● Pneumatic tube systems

49
Q

→ Larger carrying capacity than pneumatic tube systems
→ Not associated with problems such as damage to
specimens caused by acceleration or deceleration forces

A

● Electric Track Vehicles

50
Q

→ Delivery of specimens to lab benches by a mobile robot is
usually more frequent than human pickup and has been
shown to be cost-effective

A

● Mobile robots

51
Q

● Circular carousels or rectangular racks as specimen
containers

A

Specimen Loading and Aspiration

52
Q

These machines for specimen loading and
aspiration offer cap-piercing technology

A

UniCell Analyzer

53
Q

→ Also has cap-piercing technology

A

Hematology Analyzers (Sysmex and Pentra)

54
Q

The reagent layer contains enzymes, dye precursor, and
buffers necessary for the analysis of a specific component
→ Sample, control, or standard is deposited on the spreading
layer
→ Selected components are allowed to penetrate to the
reaction layer which in turn activate the dehydrated
reagents

A

Dry chemistry slide

55
Q

sample is distributed evenly

A

→ Spreading Layer

56
Q

filters out substances that interfere
with results

A

Scavenger layer;

57
Q

reagent reacts with sample

A

reagent layer

58
Q

reacted sample collects for spectral
analysis

A

Indicator layer

59
Q

: optical interference, serves as exit slit.

A

→ Support layer

60
Q

→ Keep all reagents refrigerated until the moment of need
and then quickly preincubate them to reaction
temperature or store them in a refrigerated compartment
on the analyzer that feeds directly to the dispensing area
→ Provides reagents in a dried, tablet form and reconstitute
them when the test is to be run
→ Manufacture the reagent in two stable components that will
be combined at the moment of reaction

A

● Techniques of Preservation

61
Q

→ Syringes, driven by a stepping motor, pipet the reagents
into reaction containers
→ Piston-driven pumps, connected by tubing, may also
dispense reagents
→ Use of pressurized reagent bottles connected by tubing to
dispensing valves

A

● Reagent Delivery Techniques

62
Q

▪ Forceful dispensing, magnetic stirring, vigorous lateral
displacement, rotating paddle or ultrasonic energy
▪ Hardest to automate

A

Mixing

63
Q

▪ Uses a very high reagent-to-sample ratio

A

→ Separation

64
Q

− The sample will then be very diluted:
− Any turbidity caused by any precipitated protein will
not be sensed by the spectrophotometer
− Shorten reaction time to eliminate slower-reacting
interferents

A

Separation

65
Q

Testing processes should be at 37C
▪ Heating bath: maintain the required temperature of the
reaction mixture
▪ Provides the delay necessary to allow complete color
development
▪ Components: heat-transfer medium, heating element,
and thermoregulator

A

→ Incubation

66
Q

▪ Completion of reaction
▪ Rate at which the reaction is proceeding

A

→ Reaction time

CLIN CHEM LAB (7 decks)

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