AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER and IMMUNOASSAY Flashcards
the ability of the immune system to accept self-antigens and not initiate a response against them
Self-tolerance
T/F
women are more affected than man due to hormonal influence
true
S1: estrogens favors type 2 helper cell , resulting in more B-cell activation and antibody production
S2: androgen favor type 1 helper cell response with the activation of Cd8+ T cella
Both are true
T/F
Prolactin, can stimulate both humoral and cell mediated immune response
True
transfer of tissue within the same individual
Autograft
most immunogenic transplant tissue
Bone marrow
Bone
Skin
Heart
Islet of langerhans
Lungs
Kidney
Xenogeneic valve replacement
least immunogenic transplant tissue
Cornea
Transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically identically identical individual but of the same species (identical human twins)
Syngeneic (ISO) graft
transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically non-identical member of the same species (family member)
Allograft
transfer of cells or tissues to member of a different species
Xenograft (heterograft)
associated with the presence of anti-microsomal antibodies (also known as anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
-decrease thyroid hormone, Increase TSH
Hashimoto disease
Characterized by hyperplasia and diffuse goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
caused by an thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin or ANTI-TSH
Grave’s disease
a neuromuscular disease characterized by non-functional nerve muscle
-characterized by presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor which block nerve impulses and can initiate damage to nuerons
myansthenia gravis
Characterized by demyelinization of the nerves due to the presence of ANTI-MYELIN SHEATH
Multiple sclerosia
-characterized by destruction of the islet cells in the pancreas resulting in insulin deficiency
Type 1 diabetes
describe as an antibody against another antibody, specifically described as an IgM antibody that acts against the Fc portion of an IgG
Rheumatoid factor
are globulins that reversibly precipitates at cold temperature (4c)
-not specific, can be found in various autoimmune conditions
Cryoglobulin
interaction between a particulate antigen with an antibody
Agglutination reaction
interaction between a soluble antigen with antibody
Precipitation
interaction between a antigen, antibody and labeled
Labeled immunoassay
involves RNA and DNA analysis
nucleic acid test
it has more antigen binding site, and agglutinates more quickly
IgM
occurs when concentration of the antigen and antibody are both equal
Zone of equivalence
occurs when particles in suspension clump together due to antibody-antigen interaction
Agglutination
two step process of agglutination
Sensitization
lattice formation
types of precipitation reaction in a fluid medium
Turbidimetry
Nephelometry
is a measure of the turbidity or cloudiness of a solution
-measure light BLOCKED by suspension of particles
-measures reduction in light intensity caused by reflection, absorption, or scatter
Turbidimetry
measure the light that is SCATTERED at a particular angle form the incident beam as it passes through a suspension.
Nephelometry
Nephelometers typically measures light at what angle?
10 degrees to about 90 degrees
what immunoglobulin cannot be measured using nephelometry
IgD
only antigen is diffuses- the antibody is incorporated in the gel
Radial immunodiffusion
both the antigen and antibody diffuses in the gel
Ouchterlony double diffusion
positive result for radial immunodiffusion
formation of precipitin ring
antigen antibody diffusion with the aid of electric current; use of electricity serves to accelerate the diffusion of antigen and antibody
Electrophoresis
antigen antibody are allowed to diffuse on its own without the aid of electric current,
passive immunodiffusion
also known as laurell electrophoresis
-antigen diffuse with the aid of electricity; antibody is incorporated in the gel
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
antigen and antibody are placed on opposite wells in an agar plate or slide
-an electric current is applied to accelerate the movement of the antigen and antibody
Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis
method that uses antigens that are naturally attached to a particulate molecule to demonstrate agglutination
Direct agglutination
the soluble antigen attached to a carrier particle producing agglutination
Passive or indirect agglutination
the antibody is attached to a carrier particle, which produces agglutination in the presence of a specific soluble antigen
Reverse passive agglutination
often used in pregnancy testing; positive result is the ABSENCE of agglutination
Agglutination inhibition
makes use of anti-human globulin which serves as bridge to connect two non-agglutinating antibodies like IgG
AHG- mediated Agglutination Reaction
an ANTIBODY excess, can cause false negative reaction
Prozone effect
[remedy: perform dilution]
an ANTIGEN excess, can cause false negative reaction
Post-zone
[remedy: repeat the test after a week]
STEPS IN AGGLUTINATION
it is the first reaction involves antigen-antibody combination through SINGLE ANTIGENIC determinants on the particle surface
sensitization phase
STEPS IN AGGLUTINATION
representing the sum of interaction between antibody and MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON A PARTICLE
lattice formation
