Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child and Adolescent Psychopathology > Autism Spectrum Disorders > Flashcards

Autism Spectrum Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

ASDs are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development:

A
  • Reciprocal social interaction skills
  • Communication & language skills
  • The presence of stereotyped behavior, interests and activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Often Associated with:

A

-Mental Retardation and/or a diverse group of medical conditions (e.g., chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, structural abnormalities of the CNS, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autism - DSM (#?)

A

DSM 3 - 1980

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In most cases there (is or isn’t) normal devlopment

A

Is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cause of Autism?

A
  • No single cause (multiple causes)

- No biological marker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Current view of autism

A

some factor(s) act through one or more mechanism to produced a final common pathway of CNS insult that results in the behavioral syndrome of autism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Current Research

A
  • Abnormalities in the genome
  • mechanisms underlying the expression of abnormalities during brain development
  • Resulting structural and functional abnormalities in the brain
  • Behavioral expressions of autism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autism Gene

A
  • FXR1
  • 15q11-13
  • 17q11-21
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mirror Neurons

A
  • Found in inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule
  • Theorized to be important for understanding actions and learning through imitation
  • Contributes to theory of mind skills
  • fMRI show less activity in the inferior frontal gyrus in autistic children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amygdala

A
  • “almond”
  • important for fear conditioning, memory consolidation, and emotional responses
  • suspected to be a concern in autism
  • Men and boys with autism have fewer neurons in amygdala
  • Either there are fewer neurons or autism is degenerative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amygdala damage impairs ….

A

recognition of complex mental states more than it does basic emotions, though both are affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Difficulties with dealing with environmental changes

- egosyntonic vs. egodystonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Right caudate size

A
  • Basal Ganglia

- Right caudate volume is 10% greater in autistic individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oxytocin in Autism

A
  • synthesized in hypothalamus released via posterior pituitary
  • some data suggests it has a role in enhancing social behaviors, establishing empathy, and decreasing repetitive behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fusiform Gyrus

A

-FG is a general recognition area for things that people enjoy or like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autistics tend to lack the facial inversion effect

A

most individuals by 6 months of age are better at recognizing faces when presented right-side up, but autistics never achieve it and thereby recognize faces equally well right-side up or upside down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Activation of fusiform gyrus

A
  • in autistic children when shown mothers but not strangers

- perhaps autistic kids could be trained to learn better face recognition skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Brain Size

A
  • Initially kids with AS have smaller heads from 1-2 months, but then grow to normal from 6-14 months
  • in in grey matter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vaccines

A

Thought there may have been a connection between MMR and PDD/Autism, but the USIM has confirmed it to be false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diet

A
  • some kids with PDD will show symptom improvement when gluten (found in wheat products) and casein (found in dairy products) are removed from their diet
  • Kids with PPD may have inc opiods in urine, but they do not respond to naltrexone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autism is a

A
  • spectrum disorder
  • Usually related to cognitive skills (roughly ½ – ¾ are MR
  • retrospective diagnosis (developmental history is vital)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Greatest Hallmark of Autism is

A
  • inconsistency in development

- spurts then delays (he began to speak then stopped)

23
Q

Normal Developmental Oddities

A
  • spinning
  • toe walking
  • odd/rigid food preferences
  • # Many autistic symptoms are developmentally “normal”
24
Q

Two Types of Onset

A
  • Symptoms present in the first year of life (most cases)

- Apparent normal development for the first 12 – 24 months of life prior to the onset of symptoms

25
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • occurs worldwide
  • estimates 1:100
  • Delays in diagnosis of at least 1.5 years
  • Usually around 3 years of age
  • 4:1 gender ratio male to female
26
Q

Familial pattern

A
  • each subsequent child born into a family with an autistic child has a 8-9% chance of having autism
  • Twin studies show 60 –85% concordance for identical twins vs. 10% concordance for fraternal twins
27
Q

Associated Illnesses/ Comorbidity

A
  • Frequently associated with MR
  • Epilepsy
  • Developmental Syndromes
  • ADHD
  • OCD
  • Depression and Anxiety
  • Other
28
Q

Phenotype: Social Interaction

A
  • Younger children may have little or no interest in establishing friendships
  • Older individuals may have an interest in friendship but lack an understanding of social conventions and how to interact
  • Often an individual’s awareness of others is markedly impaired, demonstrating no concept of the needs & interests of others
29
Q

Phenotype: Communication

A
  • pitch, intonation, rate, rhythm, or stress may be abnormal
  • Grammatical structure is often immature, stereotyped
  • Disturbance in pragmatic/social use of language is evidenced by an inability to integrate words with gestures or understand humor and non-literal speech/irony/implied meanings
30
Q

Phenotype: Behavior

A
  • Insistence on sameness”
  • A markedly restricted range of interests
  • Preoccupation with parts of objects
31
Q

Assessment of the Autistic Child

A
  • motor skills
  • communication
  • social skills + emotions
  • cognitive ability
  • behavioral assessment
  • family assessment
32
Q

Current “Gold Standards” of Evaluation

A
  • ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation System - done with child)
  • ADI (Autism Diagnostic Interview - done with parent)
33
Q

Medical Assessment of the Autistic Child

A
  • take a history and physical

- growth milestones (head cirum)

34
Q

Lab Assessment

A
  • Cytogenetic/Molecular Screening
  • ASO Titer and DNAse
  • Metabolic Screening (urine)
35
Q

CHAT

A

involves a 5-item checklist for PCPs and a 9-item checklist for parents

36
Q

American Academy of Neurology Warning Signs

A
  1. No babbling by 12 months.
  2. No gesturing, pointing, or waving goodbye by 12 months.
  3. No single words by 16 months.
  4. No two words spoken together spontaneously by 24 months (not echolalic)
  5. Any loss of previously acquired language or social skills at any time.
37
Q

Prognosis

A
  • Depends on functioning

- Low functioning (IQ 70, VIQ 70)

38
Q

Some children with autism show improvement in adolescence which is related to good adult outcome:

A
  • dec in activity level
  • behavior becomes managable
  • self-help skills improve
  • communication develops
  • iq remains stable
  • become more social
39
Q

A large percentage (10 – 25%?) of children will develop

A

seizures

40
Q

Anxiety and depression

A

most commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adults with autism

41
Q

Factors related to outcome

A
  • IQ at age 5/6
  • Communication skills be age 5
  • Early educational intervention
42
Q

DSM-IV PDD Diagnoses

A

Four Diagnoses

  • Autistic Disorder
  • Asperger’s Disorder
  • Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
  • Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
43
Q

Three domains of symptoms DSM3

A
  • Social Interaction
  • Communication
  • Behavior, interests, and activity
44
Q

DSM5

A

Persistent deficits in social communication & interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by (currently or by history):

  • Social/emotional reciprocity
  • non-verbal communcation
  • developing, maintaining, and understanding
  • doesn’t do well with change
45
Q

Symptoms must (DSM5)

A
  • be present in the early developmental period
  • cause significant impairment
  • you can use DSM 4 in place of DSM 5 criteria
46
Q

DSM-5 dimensional approach

A
  • level 3 - very substantial support
  • level 2 - requiring substantial support
  • level 1 - requiring support
47
Q

Asperger’s v HFA

A

Because Asperger’s could not be reliably distinguished from PDD, it’s been removed from DSM-5

Deficit in using language in social situations

48
Q

Alternative Diagnostic Concepts for Asperger’s

A
  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • Nonverbal Learning Disorder
  • Developmental Learning Disability of Right Hemisphere
  • Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder
49
Q

Asperger’s SyndromeDSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria

A

2 or 3 symptoms from these domains:

  • Social Interaction
  • Behaviors, Interests and Activities
50
Q

Communication in Asperger’s

A
  • Limited inflection and abnormalities in rate and volume of speech are commonly seen
  • Speech is often tangential and circumstantial, resulting in a one-sided conversation
  • maredly verbose
51
Q

Motor function in Asperger’s

A
  • slower in development

- clumsier/awkward

52
Q

Social Skills in Asperger’s

A
  • want friends and intimate relationships

- approach others in eccentric ways

53
Q

Non-Verbal Learning Disorders

A
  • Asperger’s is often associated with NVLD, but the converse is not necessarily true
  • Proficiency in most rote verbal skills
  • Proficiency in some simple motor and psychomotor skills

Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions