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Psych > Autism Spectrum Disorder > Flashcards

Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A

A neurodevelopmental condition characterised by:
- Qualitative impairment in social interaction and communication
- Repetitive stereotyped behaviour
- Repetitive stereotyped interests
- Repetitive stereotyped activities

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2
Q

What is the prevelance of ASD?

A

1-2%
Around 50% have an intellectual disability

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3
Q

Which sex is ASD more common in?

A

3-4x more common in boys than girls

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4
Q

When do the typical symptoms of ASD usually present?

A

Between 2-3 years of age (early manifestations) or may manifest later

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5
Q

How can the clinical features of ASD be classified?

A
  • Impaired social communication and interaction
  • Repetitive behaviours, interests and activities
  • Often associated with intellectual impairment or language impairment
  • ADHD (35%), epilepsy (18%)
  • Higher head circumference to brain volume ratio
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6
Q

What are examples of impaired social communication and interaction in ASD?

A
  • Children frequently play alone and may be relatively uninterested in being with other children
  • Failure to regulate social interaction with nonverbal cues like eye gaze, facial expression and gestures
  • Fail to form and maintain appropriate relationships and become socially isolated
  • Speech and language delay, monotonous tones of voice with limited expression and difficulty using pronouns
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7
Q

What are examples of repetitive behaviours, interests and activities?

A
  • Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms, inflexible adherence to nonfunctional routines or rituals
  • Children are noted to have particular ways of going about everyday activities
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8
Q

How is the treatment of ASD classified?

A
  • Educational and behavioural management
  • Medical therapy
  • Family counselling
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9
Q

What is the goal of ASD treatment?

A

To increase functional independence and QOL:
- Learning and development, improved social skills and improved communication
- Decreased diability and comorbidity
- Aid to families

Always a multidisciplinary approach

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10
Q

What are the patient non-pharmacological therapies?

A
  • Applied behavioural analysis
  • ASD preschool program
  • Treatment and education of autistic and communication related handicapped children (TEACHH)/ structured teaching method
  • Early start denver model (ESDM)
  • Joint attention symbolic play engagement and regulation (JASPER)
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11
Q

What are the patient pharmacological therapies?

A
  • SSRIs
  • Antipsychotics
  • Methylphenidate
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12
Q

What is the use of SSRIs in ASD management?

A

Reduce symptoms like repetitive stereotypes behaviour, anxiety and aggression

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13
Q

What is the use of antipsychotics in ASD management?

A

Reduce the symptoms of aggression, self-injury

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14
Q

What is the use of methylphenidate in ASD?

A

Reduces ADHD symptoms

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15
Q

What should pharmacological management not be used for in autism?

A

To treat the core features of autism

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16
Q

What are the core features of autism?

A
  • Impaired communication
  • Impaired reciprocal social interaction
  • Restricted, repetitive stereotyped patterns of behaviours or interests
17
Q

What epidemiological factors have been associated with ASD development?

A
  • Parental age at conception
  • Certain genetic mutations
  • Maternal exposure to specific drugs
  • Infections during pregnancy
18
Q

What is applied behavioural analysis?

A

Encouragement of positive behaviours and ignoring negative behaviours

19
Q

What should be done in primary care if a diagnosis of autism is suspected in a child?

A

A comprehensive developmental assessment by a paediatrician and consider a referral for a specialised autism assessment by an MDT

20
Q

Which healthcare professionals might be included in an ASD assessment MDT?

A
  • Psychologist
  • Speech and language therapist
  • Occupational therapist
21
Q

When is ASD typically diagnosed?

A

Between the ages of 2-3

22
Q

What is the most common genetic disorder associated with ASD development?

A

Down Syndrome

Psych (13 decks)

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