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NDDs/Stroke > Autism > Flashcards

Autism Flashcards

1
Q

When considering Autism, it is good to adopt a combination of the _____ and _____ model

A

Medical

Social

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2
Q

DSM-5 ASD Criteria

What are domains A and B?

A

A. Persistent deficits in social communication/interaction

B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour/interests/activities

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3
Q

DSM-5 Domain A

To meet ASD criteria, you must have deficits in….(3)

A
  1. Social-emotional reciprocity
  2. Developing/maintaining relationships
  3. Non-verbal communication
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4
Q

DSM-5 Domain B

To meet ASD criteria, you must have deficits in…(2)

A
  1. Restricted, fixed interests

2. Excessive adherence to routines

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5
Q

Describe ADOS clinical assessment of ASD?

A

Semi-structured behavioural assessment of communication, social interaction + restricted behaviour/play

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6
Q

What is the ‘gold-standard’ of clinical ASD diagnosis?

A

ADOS

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7
Q

The ADOS is a ________ behavioural assessment

A

Semi-structured

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8
Q

Autism diagnosis is now known as….

A

ASD

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9
Q

3 example subtypes of ASD?

A
  1. Autistic disorder
  2. Asperger’s
  3. Pervasive developmental disorder
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10
Q

One example method to identify Autism in infancy (2-24 months)?

A

Gaze behaviour experiments

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11
Q

One example method to identify Autism in toddlers?

A

Preferential looking paradigm

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12
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What was the method?

A
  • Longitudinal (2-24m)

- Watched videos of CG behaving in interactive way, eye movements recorded

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13
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What were the findings for Neurotypical children?

A

Looked into CG eyes 50% of time

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14
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What were the findings for Autistic children?

A

Attention to eyes began to decline as they got older

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15
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What was the conclusion?

A

Marker for ASD may emerge at as young as 2 months

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16
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What was the method?

A

Preferential Looking Paradigm (geometric patterns or children playing)

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17
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What were the findings for neurotypical children?

A

Preference for SOCIAL stimulus

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18
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What were the findings for ASD children?

A

Preferred geometric shapes

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19
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

The researcher’s argued that if a toddler spent more…

A

Than 69% of time fixating on geometric patterns, then the predictive value for classifying the toddler as ASD was 100%

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20
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

What was the method?

A

EEG study (response to gaze shifts)

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21
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

What was the aim?

A

To investigate whether neural sensitivity to eye gaze is associated with later Autism

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22
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

How old were the participants?

A

6-10 months

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23
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

The infants had an ASD assessment at….

A

36 months

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24
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

The infants that were later behaviourally diagnosed with ASD showed…

A

No differentiation between eye gazes

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25
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

Which were the groups that showed no differentiation between eye gazes?

A

The at-risk group, and the early-symptom ASD group

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26
Q

A positive of the current ASD diagnostic tools?

A

They are effective

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27
Q

3 negatives of the current diagnostic tools?

A
  1. Hazy boundaries
  2. A “ticket” for help services
  3. Complicates efforts to identify genes
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28
Q

What is the current male to female ratio?

A

3:1

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29
Q

Why might girls be less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis?

A

May camoflauge their symptoms more than boys

30
Q

Grey matter is where all the ______ are

A

Synapses

31
Q

Wass (2011)

How is CONNECTIVITY different in ASD?

A

Local over-connectivity

Long-distance under-connectivity

32
Q

Wass (2011)

Brain connectivity disruptions are more severe in….

A

Later developing cortical regions (responsible for EF, etc)

33
Q

Belmonte et al., (2004)

High physical connectivity and low computational connectivity…

A

May reinforce each other, by failing to differentiate signal from noise

34
Q

Wass (2011)

ASD individuals have difficulty with information _______

A

Intergration

35
Q

Wass (2011)

ASD individuals have difficulty with information intergration, which results in a…

A

Cognitive bias towards local features

36
Q

4 Cognitive Difficulties in ASD?

A
  1. ToM
  2. EF
  3. Weak central coherence
  4. Enhanced perceptual function
37
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Two example tasks of ToM?

A
  1. Predicting and explaining others’ knowledge/emotions
38
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Two example tasks of EF?

A
  1. Cognitive shifting

2. Planning

39
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Who were the ppts?

A

29 Autistic 3-6 y/o’s with age-matched controls

40
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

What was the PLANNING task given?

A

Tower of Hanoi

41
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

What was the ‘predicting and explaining others’ emotions’ task?

A

False Belief Task

42
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Results –> ASD (2)

A
  • Did not perform as well as NT across all tasks

- EF/verbal abilities are important for ToM

43
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Conclusions -

___ (3 examples) training in pre-schoolers will likely support later ToM development

A

Executive function –> cog. shifting, inhibition & planning

44
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Aside from EF, what else plays a role in ToM ability/

A

Language

45
Q

What is Central Coherence?

A

Being able to look at the bigger picture/focus on meaning

46
Q

Shah & Frith (1993)

What were the results of the block design task?

A

Autistic individuals (both high and low IQ) show superior performance

47
Q

Booth & Happe (2018)

ASD invididuals provide evidence of reduced ______ processing

A

Global

48
Q

Booth & Happe (2018)

ASD individuals did not show a __________ effect, instead performing a _______

A

Global pop-out effect

Serial search

49
Q

Booth & Happe (2018)

What was the method?

A

Shown a sequence of book outlines in increasing clarity, testing how quickly pps can identify it as a book

50
Q

Mottron et al., (2006)

Perception plays a ______, and in some cases ______ role in autistic cognition

A

Different

Superior

51
Q

Mottron et al., (2006)

Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Theory

Key principles (4)

A
  • Locally oriented perception
  • Low-level perceptual ability associated with reduced neural complexity
  • Drive for perceptual input in early year
52
Q

Mottron et al., (2006)

High-order processing is optional..

A

In AUTISM, but mandatory in non-autistics

53
Q

Mottron et al., (2006)

Atypical perception underlies…

A

Savant syndrome

54
Q

3 studies to remember for Eye Gaze Effects

A

Jones & Klin (2013)
Pierce et al., (2011)
Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

55
Q

2 studies to rememeber for evidence of brain differences in ASD?

A

Wass (2011)

Belmonte et al., (2004)

56
Q

Study to remember for EF and ToM difficulties in ASD?

A

Kimhi et al., 2014

57
Q

3 studies to remember for perceptual differences in ASD?

A

Shah & Frith (1993)
Booth & Happe (2018)
Mottron et al., (2006)

58
Q

5 negatives of current diagnosis system?

A

(1) Hazy boundaries
(2) A ticket for services
(3) Complicates efforts to identify genes
(4) Gender imbalance
(5) Some individuals might meet DSM-4 criteria, but not 5

59
Q

Regarding general intellectual abilities, ASD individuals are more likely to…

A

Show more extreme ‘peaks’ and ‘troughs’ in different domains (Jones et al., 2009)

60
Q

“Intellectual development disorder” in ASD refers to…

A

Deficits in cognitive capacity early in the developmental period

61
Q

Fisher & Happe (2005)

A

Language plays an important role in ToM ability

62
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

Initially, the children later diagnosed with Autism….

A

Do pay attention to eyes, but this declines in 2-6 month olds infants

63
Q

Pierce et al., 2011

Caveat of this study?

A

Some Autistic children do not display this same pattern

64
Q

Elsabbagh (2012)

What did the control and at-risk-no Autism group display?

A

Reliable differentiation between gaze directions

65
Q

“Weak central coherence” refers to

A

Detail-focused processing style

66
Q

Why has regarding “weak central coherence” as a deficit been challenged?

A

May simply reflect superiority in local processing

67
Q

Kimhi et al., 2014

Participants

A

Autistic 3-6 year olds with NT controls

68
Q

Kimhi et al., (2014)

Gave tasks of…

A

Cognitve shifting (EF)
Plannig (EF)
Predicting/explaining others knowledge (ToM)
Predicting/explaining others emotions (ToM)

69
Q

How might ASD individuals be impaired in communication?

A
  • Poor expressive language (Lord, 2000)

- Impairment in non-verbal interaction (Bauminger, 2003)

70
Q

Shah & Friths (1993) block design task study support the idea of a

A

Weak central coherence in ASD

NDDs/Stroke (9 decks)

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