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Autism Flashcards

1
Q

When considering Autism, it is good to adopt a combination of the _____ and _____ model

A

Medical

Social

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2
Q

DSM-5 ASD Criteria

What are domains A and B?

A

A. Persistent deficits in social communication/interaction

B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour/interests/activities

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3
Q

DSM-5 Domain A

To meet ASD criteria, you must have deficits in….(3)

A
  1. Social-emotional reciprocity
  2. Developing/maintaining relationships
  3. Non-verbal communication
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4
Q

DSM-5 Domain B

To meet ASD criteria, you must have deficits in…(2)

A
  1. Restricted, fixed interests

2. Excessive adherence to routines

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5
Q

Describe ADOS clinical assessment of ASD?

A

Semi-structured behavioural assessment of communication, social interaction + restricted behaviour/play

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6
Q

What is the ‘gold-standard’ of clinical ASD diagnosis?

A

ADOS

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7
Q

The ADOS is a ________ behavioural assessment

A

Semi-structured

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8
Q

Autism diagnosis is now known as….

A

ASD

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9
Q

3 example subtypes of ASD?

A
  1. Autistic disorder
  2. Asperger’s
  3. Pervasive developmental disorder
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10
Q

One example method to identify Autism in infancy (2-24 months)?

A

Gaze behaviour experiments

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11
Q

One example method to identify Autism in toddlers?

A

Preferential looking paradigm

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12
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What was the method?

A
  • Longitudinal (2-24m)

- Watched videos of CG behaving in interactive way, eye movements recorded

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13
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What were the findings for Neurotypical children?

A

Looked into CG eyes 50% of time

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14
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What were the findings for Autistic children?

A

Attention to eyes began to decline as they got older

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15
Q

Jones & Klin (2013)

What was the conclusion?

A

Marker for ASD may emerge at as young as 2 months

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16
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What was the method?

A

Preferential Looking Paradigm (geometric patterns or children playing)

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17
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What were the findings for neurotypical children?

A

Preference for SOCIAL stimulus

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18
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

What were the findings for ASD children?

A

Preferred geometric shapes

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19
Q

Pierce et al., (2011)

The researcher’s argued that if a toddler spent more…

A

Than 69% of time fixating on geometric patterns, then the predictive value for classifying the toddler as ASD was 100%

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20
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

What was the method?

A

EEG study (response to gaze shifts)

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21
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

What was the aim?

A

To investigate whether neural sensitivity to eye gaze is associated with later Autism

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22
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

How old were the participants?

A

6-10 months

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23
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

The infants had an ASD assessment at….

A

36 months

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24
Q

Elsabbagh et al., (2012)

The infants that were later behaviourally diagnosed with ASD showed…

A

No differentiation between eye gazes

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25
Elsabbagh et al., (2012) Which were the groups that showed no differentiation between eye gazes?
The at-risk group, and the early-symptom ASD group
26
A positive of the current ASD diagnostic tools?
They are effective
27
3 negatives of the current diagnostic tools?
1. Hazy boundaries 2. A "ticket" for help services 3. Complicates efforts to identify genes
28
What is the current male to female ratio?
3:1
29
Why might girls be less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis?
May camoflauge their symptoms more than boys
30
Grey matter is where all the ______ are
Synapses
31
Wass (2011) How is CONNECTIVITY different in ASD?
Local over-connectivity | Long-distance under-connectivity
32
Wass (2011) Brain connectivity disruptions are more severe in....
Later developing cortical regions (responsible for EF, etc)
33
Belmonte et al., (2004) High physical connectivity and low computational connectivity...
May reinforce each other, by failing to differentiate signal from noise
34
Wass (2011) ASD individuals have difficulty with information _______
Intergration
35
Wass (2011) ASD individuals have difficulty with information intergration, which results in a...
Cognitive bias towards local features
36
4 Cognitive Difficulties in ASD?
1. ToM 2. EF 3. Weak central coherence 4. Enhanced perceptual function
37
Kimhi et al., (2014) Two example tasks of ToM?
1. Predicting and explaining others' knowledge/emotions
38
Kimhi et al., (2014) Two example tasks of EF?
1. Cognitive shifting | 2. Planning
39
Kimhi et al., (2014) Who were the ppts?
29 Autistic 3-6 y/o's with age-matched controls
40
Kimhi et al., (2014) What was the PLANNING task given?
Tower of Hanoi
41
Kimhi et al., (2014) What was the 'predicting and explaining others' emotions' task?
False Belief Task
42
Kimhi et al., (2014) Results --> ASD (2)
- Did not perform as well as NT across all tasks | - EF/verbal abilities are important for ToM
43
Kimhi et al., (2014) Conclusions - ___ (3 examples) training in pre-schoolers will likely support later ToM development
Executive function --> cog. shifting, inhibition & planning
44
Kimhi et al., (2014) Aside from EF, what else plays a role in ToM ability/
Language
45
What is Central Coherence?
Being able to look at the bigger picture/focus on meaning
46
Shah & Frith (1993) What were the results of the block design task?
Autistic individuals (both high and low IQ) show superior performance
47
Booth & Happe (2018) ASD invididuals provide evidence of reduced ______ processing
Global
48
Booth & Happe (2018) ASD individuals did not show a __________ effect, instead performing a _______
Global pop-out effect Serial search
49
Booth & Happe (2018) What was the method?
Shown a sequence of book outlines in increasing clarity, testing how quickly pps can identify it as a book
50
Mottron et al., (2006) Perception plays a ______, and in some cases ______ role in autistic cognition
Different Superior
51
Mottron et al., (2006) Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Theory Key principles (4)
- Locally oriented perception - Low-level perceptual ability associated with reduced neural complexity - Drive for perceptual input in early year
52
Mottron et al., (2006) High-order processing is optional..
In AUTISM, but mandatory in non-autistics
53
Mottron et al., (2006) Atypical perception underlies...
Savant syndrome
54
3 studies to remember for Eye Gaze Effects
Jones & Klin (2013) Pierce et al., (2011) Elsabbagh et al., (2012)
55
2 studies to rememeber for evidence of brain differences in ASD?
Wass (2011) | Belmonte et al., (2004)
56
Study to remember for EF and ToM difficulties in ASD?
Kimhi et al., 2014
57
3 studies to remember for perceptual differences in ASD?
Shah & Frith (1993) Booth & Happe (2018) Mottron et al., (2006)
58
5 negatives of current diagnosis system?
(1) Hazy boundaries (2) A ticket for services (3) Complicates efforts to identify genes (4) Gender imbalance (5) Some individuals might meet DSM-4 criteria, but not 5
59
Regarding general intellectual abilities, ASD individuals are more likely to...
Show more extreme 'peaks' and 'troughs' in different domains (Jones et al., 2009)
60
"Intellectual development disorder" in ASD refers to...
Deficits in cognitive capacity early in the developmental period
61
Fisher & Happe (2005)
Language plays an important role in ToM ability
62
Jones & Klin (2013) Initially, the children later diagnosed with Autism....
Do pay attention to eyes, but this declines in 2-6 month olds infants
63
Pierce et al., 2011 Caveat of this study?
Some Autistic children do not display this same pattern
64
Elsabbagh (2012) What did the control and at-risk-no Autism group display?
Reliable differentiation between gaze directions
65
"Weak central coherence" refers to
Detail-focused processing style
66
Why has regarding "weak central coherence" as a deficit been challenged?
May simply reflect superiority in local processing
67
Kimhi et al., 2014 Participants
Autistic 3-6 year olds with NT controls
68
Kimhi et al., (2014) Gave tasks of...
Cognitve shifting (EF) Plannig (EF) Predicting/explaining others knowledge (ToM) Predicting/explaining others emotions (ToM)
69
How might ASD individuals be impaired in communication?
- Poor expressive language (Lord, 2000) | - Impairment in non-verbal interaction (Bauminger, 2003)
70
Shah & Friths (1993) block design task study support the idea of a
Weak central coherence in ASD

NDDs/Stroke (9 decks)

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