aula 3

Question 1

does single use plastics or aquacult and fishing gear to marine litter

Answer 1

single use plastics 15 tons
gear 11 tons

Question 2

Alien (non-indigenous) species

Answer 2

a species introduced outside its natural past or present distribution
(includign gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules)

Question 3

Invasive alien species

Answer 3

alien sp established and has bad consequences

Question 4

What is sp Introduction

Answer 4

movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of species outside of its natural range
2 types
intentional - deliberate
unintentional

Question 5

well known invasive species to you? and dangerous?

Answer 5

rugulopteryx and lion fish

Question 6

main invasion vectors

Answer 6

fisheries
airplane
ships hull and ballast water
people
land vehicles

Question 7

invasion spreads origins

Answer 7

natural dispersal
canals (panama strait)
tunnels and bridges

Question 8

types of alien sp dispersal forms

Answer 8

released (bio control, fisheries …)
escape (aquacult, zoos, pets, ornamental, research…)
contaminants (baits, parasites, ??)
natural dispersal
canals and tunnels
vectors (fisheries ; airplane ; ships; hull and ballast water; people; vehicles)
climate change

Question 9

problems of invasive alien sp

Answer 9

habitat loss
competition
reservoirs for parasites
hybridization
Alt of food web and physical factors
causes extinction of endemic sp
predation

Question 10

What are the key climate-driven changes observed in
the oceans today?

Answer 10

ice loss
mhw
low pph
low o2
warming
+ sea level

Question 11

main problem with climate change

Answer 11

its global (all the other threats are lower scale)

Question 12

impacts of warming

Answer 12

• physiology
• isotherm migrations
• poleward migrations
• phenology changes
• • spread of invasive sp
    -+ doenças

Question 13

poleward migrations are large or small scale

Answer 13

both
in the coast of pt we could se a migration (following the temperatures) of algae and dinoflagellates - changing their range

Question 14

how does ocean warming impact humans

Answer 14

changes in ocean ecology = unpredictability and changes for fisheries
- + tropical sp and - temperate

Question 15

consequences of water circulation changes

Answer 15

o Also changes economic and cultural aspects (- upwelilng = - sardines = - fests)
o Primary productivity change = shifts in food webs

Question 16

Mhw consequences

Answer 16

o Tropical locations are more exposed
o Bleaching corals – zooxanthella dies = no Photosynth = coral die = ecological changes
- mhw tb estão associadas a + radiação ultra violeta, alt de salinidade e infeções
o Higher intensity, duration and frequency lately
o Some cora reefs did recover
- afeta turismo e pescas

Question 17

consequences of high ph

Answer 17

affects forams, corals, molluscs, echinoderms, crustaceans …
why? - + co2 in ocean = +h+= reducing the availability
of carbonate ions
there is capacity for phenotypic
plasticity to adjust to changing climate

Question 18

multiple stressors main problems

Answer 18

its the interaction between all stressors (almost none are independent)

there are no clear boundaries in the oceans

it means that there are many scales acting at the same time

Question 19

what are the scales for toxic elem, eutrofication, overfishing and climate change

Answer 19

toxic elem - local
eutrofication - local (bit regional 2)
overfishing - local and regional
climate change - global

Question 20

how important is the ecological role of disturbance

Answer 20

• disturb can be natura or anthropog
• requires knowledge of the land-ocean interaction
• there are many scales they can act on

Question 21

most important ecological processes to maintain diversity how is it impacted by us

Answer 21

Disturbance is one of the most important ecological
processes in the maintenance of diversity by opening
up resources for colonization by opportunistic species.
However, excessive levels of disturbance lead to species
poor communities

high disturbance leads to poor communities

Question 22

how does recolonization happen ater a disturbance

Answer 22

• short term immigration of scavengers
• recolonizations through larvar recruitment
  -possible restoration (if there is no ecological regime shift)

Question 23

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 23

community diversity is highest at moderate disturbance levels, where both opportunistic and climax species can coexist