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a-conserv zonas cost > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

História

A

Início - mar vasto
1a medidas ficadas em recursos naturais

Atenção pública - Rachel Carson (Wilson)

Stockholm dec- princípios

Law of the sea - zonas legais e estratégias desenvolv sust

Rio dec- princípio de precaução; mpa; indígenas

Fao- ecosystem based management

Unclos - (eez, high seas, continental shelf) + além jurisdição nacional

Nature restoration law - restore 20% by 20230- protects not only charismatic habitats but also really ecological important habitats (potential to capture and store carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters)

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2
Q

Principles

A
  • recursos vivos
    -crescimento humano ilim n compatível com natureza
    • conservação quer conversa, interação continuamente
  • de gov
    -aceitar incerteza e ser flexível
    -precaution
    • invid and corporate responsibility
  • humanos
    • guarantee equality, no discrimination
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3
Q

Protect vs conserve

A

Protect
-1st
- a sp or population
- nature should not suffer human influence
- no killing is justified

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4
Q

Why conserve

A

Ética
Estética
Ciência
Ecologia
Economia - develop economic models that can value natural
capital and the goods and ecological services that they provide

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5
Q

Problemas nos oceanos

A

Ameaças tempo e espaço
Perturbação na estabilidade e resiliência
Extinções locais e globais
Difícil estudar e aceder
Pouca atenção pública

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6
Q

Define, explica importância(/conseque) e fatores

Extinção

who is + vulnerable

A

Sp loss in time and probab of remaining extant
rate in marine sp (only 15 in 500 years)

Factors: population size, pressures, stochastic events

Consequences
 cascading effects
 simplified food webs
 less redundancy in roles
 open niches to invasive sp

  • K select and sensitive sp to disturbances and exploitation cannot be traded or moved
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7
Q

types of exctinctions

A

 Local – specific locations
 Ecological – not suf abundant to perform ecological role
 Commercial – abundance below value that is rentavel economically (effort is more expensive that what we catch and sell) - depends of sp is k selected (long lives small number offsprings) or r selected (opposite)

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8
Q

Explica princípio precaução

A
  • falta de informação n justifica adiar prevenção da degradação

Anteriormente explorávamos recursos sem saber

Atualmente o ritmo de exploração deve ser igual ao ritmo de conhecimento que temos

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9
Q

Diretivas que a rede natura se baseia

A

ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats

coherent European ecological network

tipos zonas
Sítio de Importância Comunitária, SIC

Zona de Proteção Especial, ZPE

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10
Q

Diretivas que a OSPAR network

A

o Cites recommendations for impelemtations and management
o To ensure effectiveness it has to be:
Ecologic coherent - represent all regions
Management coherence

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11
Q

Significado neoli

A

most effective MPA:

no take
enforced
old
large
isolated

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12
Q

What are ecosystem services

A

serviços que os ecosystems dão ao ser humano para melhorar a condição de vida

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13
Q

Mpas
One large area or small scattered

A

depend on what is targeted

it is more effective to have smaller areas with a buffe zone – allows for nor enclosure the sp and increase biodiversity

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14
Q

Bias and sp level conservation effectively

A

bias: taxonomical, sampling, obsv

poor info on many taxa -> how can we do species level conservation effectively

ex: ICUN only assessed 15% of marine sp (most vertebrate and fish) and the most sp in marine systems are inverts

conservation is an emotive area of science

NEED for info urgently

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15
Q

Sp vs habitat conservation

A
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16
Q

Mpa implementation problems

A

slow law and data
if no public interest on long term
management difficult
hard access

17
Q

Types of focal sp

A

Keystone - have a particular function (removal results in fanatic effects) - otters

Flagship- attract public

Umbrella- protect these leads to protection of co occurring sp

Indicator
Habitat composition
Habitat health

18
Q

ICUN categories

A

o Extinct – both in wild and captivity
o Critically – 50% risk extinction in 10 years or 3 generations
o Endangered – 20% in 20 y or 5 gen
o Vulnerable – 10% in 100 y
o Not evaluated or data deficient are just are scary

19
Q

causes extictions

A

o Systematic factors (like habitat loss)
o Induced lethality (pollution)
o Stochasticity – variability of genetics, environmental, acute events…

20
Q

goals MPAs

A

 Conserve composition, structure, function
 Act as buffer zones and corridors
 Maintain seascape and associated sp
 Long term and perpetuity
 Higher protection levels = + natural conditions (outside these areas = least natural conditions)
 Monitored, flexibility and facilitate low impact studies

21
Q

MPA levels

A

Common levels to all networks
* Full protection (increased implement in last decades)
o No take no go
o No take – can create spill over effect (help adjacent areas)
* Strong protection -No fish
* Partially/ slight protected – allow extraction
* Zoning (mix of 2 top + buffer zones)

22
Q

MPA def and %

A

– geographical space to be managed legally to achieve long term conservation of nature (always consider the social values to have an efficient MPA)

8% of global ocean is protected;
-1% of Portugal;
goal by 2030 to protect 30%

23
Q

assess Mpa effectiveness

A

Study based on (usually many variables are used)
* bioindicators (size, sentinel sp, densities, CPUE…)
* time
* point measures
* before and after MPA
incorporate many institutes and experts – comprehensive approach

24
Q

site selection criteria MPA

A

uses criteria similar to variables studied for effectiveness but also:
- Lack of disturbance
- Representativeness
- Uniqueness
- Integrity
- Protuctivity
- Connectivity (between MPa is essential for management
- Ecosystem function
- Ecosys based management
- Duration – long term
- socio eco nedds

25
Q

why is connectivity important and criteria

A

Oceans are continuous
buffer zones have to be connected otherwise its senseless – the corridor has to be close or long enough to actually help the sp

Connections of MPAs and networks should follow:
 20km diameter
 Address more than 1 sp or habitats (20 to 40 % of each habitat type)
 Simple shapes
 Have replicates
 Address critical areas

26
Q

what is ecological coherent

A
  • Representative – represents what we wanna protect
  • Replication – ensure variability (important in preparation for catastrophic event insurance)
  • Connection dispersal through the dispersal among them of individuals as larvae, juveniles or adults
  • Adequacy -big enough
  • Management (level of protection)
27
Q

types of dipersal patterns of connectivity

A

o Of propagules – obsv distribution patterns
o Kernel - the probability distribution of the distance travelled by any individual from a given location - depends on magnitude, timings,

28
Q

Probability vs real connectivity matrix

A
  • Prob - quantifies the proportion of larvae released from each origin population that survives to settle into any destination population
    -Done with tracking
     Visual (only large ascidian larvae)
     Artificial tag (isotopes, fluorescent dyes…)
     Natural tags (genetic markers, micro composition of some larvae)
     Numerical model (need to be validated and usually combined w/ other methods)
  • Real - quantifies the proportion of successful recruits per spawning adult in the origin population
29
Q

importance of community

A

is relevant to ensure engagement, follow the rules and motivation, to maintain long term effectiveness

30
Q

what is restoration

A

return to something approaching unimpacted condition and functioning,

or

at least transition to a hybrid ecosystem status that provides useful ecological functioning
Not fully restoration -> more an adaptation (but its recovered)

31
Q

restoration results

A

bring back biodiv levels and 4x higher functions

a single restoring action allowed the recovery of a previously extinct population + better state than reference sites

super important for habitat forming sp (algae)

a-conserv zonas cost (5 decks)

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