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Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit II > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

The external ear is basically made up of these 3 structures:

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

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2
Q

The middle ear is basically made up of these 4 structures:

A

inner ear bones, oval window, round window, auditory tube (eustatian tube)

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3
Q

The oval window is _______ in relation to the round window

A

superior

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4
Q

The ______ of the external ear is made up of stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized), hair follicles, and elastic cartilage (with elastic fibers)

A

auricle

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5
Q

The auricle is made up of these 2 major structural areas:

A

perichondrium peripherally, elastic cartilage interior

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6
Q

The ______ of the external ear is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, hair follicles, ceruminous glands, elastic cartilage, and temporal bone

A

external acoustic meatus

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7
Q

Ceruminous glands of the external acoustic meatus are found ______ to the hair follicles

A

deep

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8
Q

The main structural components of the external acoustic meatus are these 2:

A

elastic cartilage, temporal bone

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9
Q

The epithelium of the ________ of the middle ear is pseudostratified respiratory epithelium

A

auditory tube

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10
Q

The 2 identifying characteristics of the _______ of the middle ear are pseudostratified respiratory epithelium and numerous goblet cells

A

auditory tube

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11
Q

The main structural components of the auditory tube of the middle ear are:

A

bone and fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, affects the _________, and can cause ________, ______, or _______

A

tympanic membrane, facial nerve palsy, ruptured tympanic membrane, scarred auditory ossicles

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13
Q

The external portion of the tympanic membrane is called ________ and is lined with ________ epithelium

A

the cuticular layer, stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

The external portion of the tympanic membrane (cuticular layer) is derived from ______

A

ectoderm

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15
Q

The middle layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ______ and is made up of _______. It is derived from _________

A

fibrous layer, collagen II and III, mesoderm

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16
Q

The inner layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ________ and is made of _______ derived from ______

A

mucous layer, cuboidal cells, endoderm

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17
Q

These 3 nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus:

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibular nerve

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18
Q

The _______ surrounds the bony modiolus and houses the spiral ganglion

A

spiral lamina

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19
Q

The internal spaces of the oval window, round window, and cochlear duct are these 3 respectively:
They are all filled with perilymph

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media

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20
Q

The ______ is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in internal ear of neurons with axons in VIII

A

spiral ganglion

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21
Q

The dendrites of the _______ synapse in the organ of corti

A

spiral ganglion

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22
Q

The internal ear is supplied by the _______ artery, a branch of _______

A

labyrinthine artery, AICA

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23
Q

In the image of organ of corti, the ________ is just superior to the vestibular membrane, and the ________ is just inferior to the basilar membrane

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani

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24
Q

The _______ is the membrane that the organ of corti is parallel to

A

basillar membrane

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25
Q

In the super close-up histological image of the organ of corti, the cell bodies of CN VIII neurons are ______ of the organ of corti, and look like ______

A

left, grapes

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26
Q

In the totally green close-up histological image of the organ of corti, the brighter areas are:

A

CMV tagged with fluorescent protein

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27
Q

_____ is the leading non-genetic cause of hearing loss for infants born in the U.S.

A

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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28
Q

The ________ transmits sound vibrations to the outer hair cells of the organ of corti

A

tectorial membrane

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29
Q

The CNS, PNS, epidermis, and connective tissues of the head are derived from _______

A

ectoderm

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30
Q

The muscles, connective tissues of the body and limbs, vessels, and viscera are derived of ______

A

mesoderm

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31
Q

The epithelium of the GI tract, respiratory system, and urinary bladder are derived from ______

A

endoderm

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32
Q

The middle ear is an evagination of the ________

A

respiratory system

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33
Q

The _______ forms from cells of the otic vesicle wall and migrating neural crest cells

A

statoacoustic ganglion (eventually forms the vestibular and cochlear ganglia)

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34
Q

The dorsal component of the otic vesicle forms the ______, _______, and _______

A

utricle, semicircular ducts, endolymphatic duct

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35
Q

The ventral component of the otic vesicle forms the _______ and _______

A

saccule, cochlear duct

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36
Q

The _______ surrounding the cochlear duct eventually separates it from the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

A

mesenchyme

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37
Q

The mesenchyme of the cochlear duct separates the duct from the scala vestibuli and scala tympani at ____ weeks

A

10 weeks

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38
Q

By 5 months the _______ and ______ form in the cochlear duct

A

neuroepithelial cells, tectorial membrane

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39
Q

The ______ and ______ middle ear ossicles are formed from arch 1

A

malleus, incus

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40
Q

The ______ layer of the tympanic membrane is derived from ectodermal epithelium

A

cuticular layer

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41
Q

high frequencies activate near the _____ of the cochlea, low frequencies activate near the ______

A

base, apex

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42
Q

During development, BMP7 is higher at the _____ of the cochlea (where low frequencies are sensed)

A

apex

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43
Q

______ frequencies are sensed far away from the stapes and oval window

A

low

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44
Q

The ______ is the time between two peaks of a pure tone

A

period

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45
Q

The _______ is the distance a sound wave travels during a period

A

wavelength

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46
Q

The interaural time difference (D2-D1)/V can be used to localize _________

A

low-frequency sounds

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47
Q

The interaural (difference between sounds detected at either ear) intensity difference is used to localize _______

A

high-frequency sounds

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48
Q

The ________ is included in the organ of corti and the supporting cells are called _______

A

tectorial membrane, phalangeal cells

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49
Q

There are 3-4 rows of _______ cells as part of the organ of corti, and only 1 row of ______ cells

A

outer hair cells, inner hair cells

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50
Q

_______ , part of the organ of corti, cannot regenerate

A

hair cells

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51
Q

Cell bodies of cochlear afferent neurons are in the ________

A

spiral ganglion

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52
Q

________, part of the organ of corti, are unmyelinated

A

cochelar afferent neurons

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53
Q

The ______ is responsible for maintaining the ionic composition of endolymph through selective secretion and absorption of ions

A

stria vascularis

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54
Q

The endolymph of the _______ is similar to intracellular fluid

A

scala media

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55
Q

The perilymph of the _________ and ________ is similar to cerebrospinal fluid, it has high concentration of Na+ for neuron viability

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani

56
Q

The perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani is also found in the ______ and _______

A

tunnel of corti, basal end of hair cells

57
Q

________ between hair cells separates endolymph from perilymph

A

tight junctions

58
Q

______ cells in organ of corti are supporting cells of hair cells

A

phalangeal cells

59
Q

______ are the sensory receptors for sound stimuli

A

inner hair cells

60
Q

________ alter the mechanics of basilar membrane of organ of corti by changing length

A

outer hair cells

61
Q

_______ of organ of corti increase the sensitivity of cochlear afferent neurons conveying information

A

outer hair cells

62
Q

The _______ of the organ of corti is made up of the processes of phalangeal cells

A

reticular lamina

63
Q

As hair cells depolarize, ________ channels open at the base of these hair cells and glutamate is released

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

64
Q

The ______ membrane is found between the tectorial membrane and rest of organ of corti

A

reticular membrane

65
Q

The bipolar neurons of the spiral ganglion are:

A

Type I cochlear afferent neurons and Type II cochlear afferent neurons

66
Q

________ afferent neurons respond to a narrow frequency range (high precision)

A

Type I cochlear afferent neurons

67
Q

Most of the afferent neurons in the cochlea are:

A

Type I cochlear afferent neurons

68
Q

_______ respond to a wide frequency range (low precision)

A

Type II cochlear afferent neurons

69
Q

_______ neurons synapse with over 10 outer hair cells each

A

type II cochlear afferent neurons

70
Q

Both increased firing of and increased number of firing cochlear afferent neurons increases _______

A

intensity of sound

71
Q

lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons synapse with ________

A

type I cochlear afferent neurons

72
Q

medial olivocochlear efferent neurons synapse with _______

A

outer hair cells

73
Q

The ________ of a type I cochlear afferent neuron is the frequency it detects with the lowest threshold intensity

A

characteristic frequency

74
Q

Sound detected by cochlear afferent neurons with cell bodies in spiral ganglion are transmitted via the _______ nerve to the ________

A

vestibulocochlear nerve, ipsilateral dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

75
Q

The cochlear nuclei reside in the ________ of the medulla

A

restiform body

76
Q

Second order neurons of the auditory pathway have their cell bodies in ________

A

cochlear nuclei of the restiform body of the medulla

77
Q

Axons of cochlear nuclei project to the ________ and _________ of the ______

A

trapezoid, lateral lemniscus, pons

78
Q

Neurons in cochlear nuclei have axons that project to the _______ and to the _______

A

trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus

79
Q

Axons of second order neurons of the auditory pathway that travel in the lateral lemniscus ____________

A

project bilaterally to left and right inferior colliculi of the midbrain

80
Q

Axons in both the ______ and the _______ project bilaterally to the inferior colliculi of the midbrain

A

trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus

81
Q

Cell bodies of neurons in the inferior colliculi project directly to the ______ and also send axons laterally through the ________ to synapse on the ________

A

ipsilateral MGN of the thalamus, commissure of inferior colliculus, contralateral MGN of the thalamus

82
Q

______ division of the MGN of thalamus is involved in complex feature detection of sounds

A

anterior division

83
Q

The _______ division of the MGN of thalamus is involved in conveying information about moving or novel stimuli

A

posterior division

84
Q

Axons of the MGN of thalamus project to the primary auditory cortex through the _________ as auditory radiation

A

sublenticular limb of the internal capsule

85
Q

The area where axons of MGN travel is supplied by _________ (artery)

A

lenticulostriate arteries

86
Q

The MGN of the thalamus is adjacent to the ________ and the _______

A

pulvinar nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus

87
Q

The _______ artery supplies the MGN as well as most of the posterior thalamus

A

thalamogeniculate artery of PCA

88
Q

The _______ and _______ of the thalamus send projections to the primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2)

A

VPL, VPM

89
Q

The _____ of the thalamus projects to the primary somatomotor cortex (4)

A

VL

90
Q

The VL of the thalamus is supplied by the ________ artery

A

thalamoperforating artery

91
Q

The VPL and VPM of the thalamus are supplied by the __________ artery

A

thalamogeniculate artery

92
Q

The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann area _____

A

41

93
Q

The primary auditory cortex includes the ________ and _________

A

insula, transverse temporal gyri

94
Q

The primary auditory cortex is a __________ area and receives axons from the ________ of the MGN

A

heterotypical granular area, anterior division

95
Q

The primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41) is located in the _________

A

anterior transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl

96
Q

The secondary auditory cortex receives axons from the _________

A

posterior division of MGN

97
Q

The secondary auditory cortex is Brodmann area ____

A

42

98
Q

The secondary auditory cortex is located in the _________

A

posterior transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl

99
Q

The primary auditory is ______ in relation to the secondary auditory cortex and is directly adjacent to the ______

A

anterior, central sulcus

100
Q

The _____ is anterior to the primary and secondary auditory cortices

A

insula

101
Q

The auditory association cortex are Brodman areas:

A

22, 39, 40, 44, 45

102
Q

The auditory association cortex is located in the _________ and contains _________

A

superior temporal gyrus, Wernike’s area

103
Q

Damage to the ________ gyrus affects language comprehension (SPEECH)

A

superior temporal gyrus

104
Q

The auditory association cortex (brodmann areas 39 and 40) is located in the __________ of _______

A

angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe

105
Q

Damage to __________ affects language comprehension (reading and writing)

A

angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe

106
Q

The angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe are Brodmann area(s):

A

30, 40

107
Q

The auditory association cortex of Brodman areas 44 and 45 is located in the _______

A

inferior frontal gyrus

108
Q

The _________ projects to the inferior frontal gyrus portion of the auditory association cortex

A

arcuate fasciculus

109
Q

Damage to the inferior frontal gyrus affects the _______ and causes _____________

A

Broca’s area, nonfluent speech with comprehension spared

110
Q

The inner ear and cochlear nuclei are supplied by the _______ artery

A

labyrinthine artery (AICA)

111
Q

The inferior colliculus is supplied by the _______ artery

A

quadrigeminal (branch of SCA) artery

112
Q

The primary auditory cortex and auditory radiation are both supplied by the _______

A

MCA inferior trunk

113
Q

The ________ supplies the inferior temporal optic radiation (including Meyer’s Loop), the primary auditory cortex, and auditory radiation

A

MCA inferior trunk

114
Q

The descending pathway from the auditory cortex projects to the _________ which projects to the ________

A

inferior colliculus, superior olivary complex

115
Q

The superior olivary complex contains _________ neurons and _______ neurons

A

lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons, medial olivococohlear efferent neurons

116
Q

Lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons project __________

A

ipsilaterally to type I cochlear afferent neurons

117
Q

medial olivocochlear efferent neurons project ___________

A

bilaterally to synapse directly on outer hair cells

118
Q

The monaural pathway of auditory pathway is:

A

routed to the contralateral side

119
Q

The __________ is handled by central pathways that compare differences between sounds at both ears

A

binaural pathway

120
Q

The _________ pathway contributes to complex feature detection and only has one decussation at the ________

A

monaural pathway, posterior acoustic stria

121
Q

The posterior acoustic stria only project directly from the ________

A

anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei in the medulla

122
Q

The binaural pathway decussates from only the anterior cochlear nucleus at the _______

A

trapezoid body in the pons and medulla

123
Q

After decussation, the monaural pathway travels through the _______ to the inferior colliculus

A

lateral lemniscus

124
Q

After decussation, the binaural pathway travels in the _________ and the _______ before reaching the inferior colliculus

A

superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus

125
Q

The posterior acoustic stria is located in the ______

A

medulla

126
Q

The trapezoid body crosses the ________ in the pons

A

facial nerve

127
Q

The auditory cortex is at the level of the ________

A

corpus callosum

128
Q

high tones are sensed at the _____ of the basilar membrane in cochlea, while low tones are sensed at the ______

A

base, apex

129
Q

high tones are sent to the ______ primary auditory cortex, while low tones are sent to the ________ side

A

medial, lateral

130
Q

Interaural time difference is important for localizing ______ sounds

A

low-frequency

131
Q

interaural intensity difference is important in localizing _______ sounds

A

high-frequency

132
Q

The _______ receives bilateral auditory input and is important for localizing sounds

A

superior olivary nuclei

133
Q

The afferent limb of the reflex that orients the head, eyes, and body to novel sounds includes these 4 structures:

A

lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, secondary auditory cortex, superior colliculus

134
Q

The efferent limb of the reflex that orients the head, eyes, and body to a novel sound:

A

tectobulbospinal neurons from superior colliculus activate PPRF and reticular formation

135
Q

The _______ is activated for orientation of the head during the reflex that orients the head to novel sound

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

136
Q

The acoustic startle reflex afferent limb uses the _______ cortex

A

secondary auditory cortex

137
Q

The afferent limb of the acoustic startle reflex involves the lateral lemniscus, _________, ________, and finally the superior colliculus

A

inferior colliculus, secondary auditory cortex

Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit II (6 decks)

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