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NE Exam 3 > Auditory Pathways > Flashcards

Auditory Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory information is received by what?

A

The cochlear nucleus by fibers in the cochlear nerve

These fibers then enter the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle and split into ascending and descending bundles

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2
Q

Where does the ascending bundle of the auditory pathway synapse?

A

At the anterior part of the anterior cochlear nucleus

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3
Q

Where does the descending bundle of the auditory pathway synapse?

A

At the posterior part of the anterior cochlear nucleus and posterior part of the posterior cochlear nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the monaural tract

A

Receives information about sounds at a single ear (routed to contralateral side)
Posterior cochlear nucleus -> posterior acoustic stria -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> primary auditory cortex

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5
Q

The binaural tract manages information about what?

A

Differences between sounds at both ears

Handled by central pathways that receive, compare and transmit this input

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6
Q

Describe the pathway for the binaural tract

A

Anterior cochlear nucleus (ACN) -> trapezoid body -> superior olivary nucleus (medial and lateral superior olivary nucleus) -> lateral lemniscus (central and posterior nucleus) -> inferior colliculus -> MGN -> primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

What is the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) associated with?

A

Time

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8
Q

What is the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) associated with?

A

Intensity

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9
Q

The central nucleus of the lateral lemniscus sends fibers to what?

A

The contralateral IC via the commissure of the inferior colliculus

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10
Q

The posterior nucleus of the lateral lemniscus receives fibers from what?

A

The LSO

Also sends fibers across central nucleus of contralateral inferior colliculus

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11
Q

What is central deafness?

A

Caused by damage to central pathways
Rarely results in ipsilateral deafness
Causes difficulty processing where sound is coming from and differentiating it

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12
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Caused by damage to the cochlea or cochlear root of CN VIII
Damage can be due to abx, tumors or repeated exposure to loud noises
Results in ipsilateral deafness of structure affected

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13
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Obstructed or altered transmission of sound to TM or through ossicle chain of middle ear
Damage to pinna -> cannot conduct sound properly
Excess ear wax
Damage to TM

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14
Q

What provides blood supply to the cochlea and auditory nuclei of the pons and medulla?

A

Basilar artery

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15
Q

What provides blood supply to the inner ear and cochlear nuclei?

A

Internal auditory (labyrinthe) artery (usually a branch of AICA)

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16
Q

Occlusion of the internal auditory (labyrinthe) A results in what?

A

Monaural hearing loss
Can also damage fibers of facial nerve and pontine gaze center -> monaural hearing loss with ipsilateral facial paralysis and inability to look toward the side of the lesion

17
Q

What provides blood supply to the superior olivary olivary complex and lateral lemnsicus?

A

Short circumferential branches of basilar A

18
Q

What provides blood supply to the inferior colliculus?

A

Superior cerebellar and quadrigeminal arteries

19
Q

What provides blood supply to the medial geniculate bodies?

A

Thalamogeniculate arteries

20
Q

What provides blood supply to the primary auditory and association cortices?

A

Branches of M2 segment of middle cerebral A

21
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Hemisphere that controls language

22
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Brodmann areas 44 and 45
Production of language (spoken, written, signed)
Also works with the frontal lobe which adds syntax, grammar and higher order motor aspects of speech

23
Q

What is Wenicke’s area?

A

Brodmann areas 39 and 40
Comprehension of language (spoken and signed)
Works along with parietal and temporal lobe which add lexicon (vocabulary) and attaching sounds to their meaning

24
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Connecting network between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
Allows for the combination of speaking coherently, understanding what is being said to us, and then responding appropriately

25
Q

Describe the non-dominant hemisphere

A

Typically the right hemisphere
Responsible for non-verbal communication such as tone of voice, prosody (normal melodious intonation of speech that helps convey meaning), imparting emotional significance to language
Contains areas analogous to Broca’s and Wernicke’s

26
Q

What is the area analogous to Broca’s?

A

Producing non-verbal communication (one’s own prosody of speech)
Lesion results in motor aprosodia (inability to produce emotional indications with vocal inflection and facial gesturing)

27
Q

What is the area analogous to Wernicke’s?

A

Comprehending non-verbal communication (other’s prosody of speech)
Lesion -> sensory aprosodia (ex. Not understanding when a person shrugs their shoulders they’re conveying idk)

28
Q

Describe the language pathway

A

Primary auditory cortex -> auditory association cortex -> Wernicke’s area -> arcuate fasciculus -> Broca’s area -> motor cortices

29
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Differentiates where and when sound is coming from

30
Q

What is the function of the auditory association cortex?

A 
Classifies sound (with assistance from primary auditory cortex along with visual and somesthetic info) as what it is 
Ex. Hearing a lion roar and recognizing that is a lion making the noise
31
Q

What is the role of the motor cortices during that language pathway?

A

Send info to speech muscles to move accordingly

32
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

A

The inability to ID something but can still perceive it
Caused by bilateral lesions to anterior superior temporal lobes
Individual can perceive the sound but cannot describe the sound
Ex. Someone talking in a language you don’t understand

33
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Caused by tumors and occlusions of frontal M4 branches of MCA
Expressive aphasia, difficulty turning concept/thought into meaningful sounds; difficulty writing; no repetition
Pts are often very frustrated bc comprehension of speech is intact
Severe forms are mute but can still swallow and breathe normally
Typically use short phrases and often leave out non-essential words (responds mostly with um, yes or no)

34
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Caused by occlusion of temporal and parietal M4 branches of the MCA as well as hemorrhages into the thalamus -> extends lateral and caudally to invade subcortical white matter
Defect in comprehension of speech; unable to understand what is being said to them; unable to read (alexia); unable to write comprehensible language (agraphia) and display fluent paraphrasing speech; no repetition

35
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

Occlusion of left internal carotid or proximal portion of MCA (M1) —> results in damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
Virtually complete loss of language

36
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Interruptions of the connections linking the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (arcuate fasciculus)
Comprehension is normal; speech is fluent but pt has difficulty translating what someone has said to him/her in appropriate reply
Not able to repeat

37
Q

What is transcortical motor (pericentral) aphasia?

A

Caused by anterior watershed infarct (b/w anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery) results in contralateral paresis and expressive language deficits similar to Broca’s
Differs from Broca’s bc repetition is maintained

38
Q

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Caused by posterior watershed infarct (bw MCA and PCA)
Results in partial visual field deficit and receptive language deficit similar to Wernicke’s
Differs from Wernicke’s bc repetition is maintained

39
Q

What is mixed transcortical aphasia?

A

Similar to global aphasia -> some expressive and some comprehension deficits
Differs bc repetition is maintained

NE Exam 3 (16 decks)

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