Audition and others senses Flashcards
Frequency is normally expressed as ?
Hertz (hz)
the number of waves that pass at a given point in a given time is known as?
frequency
The wavelength of a sound is perceived as?
pitch
The amplitude of sound is perceived as?
loudness
The fleshy outer part of the ear is called the?
pinna
The auditory canal or ear canal leads to the?
tympanic membrane
the tympanic membrane is also known as the?
ear drum
The 3 smallest bones in the body, also known as the ossicles are?
melleus, incus and stapes
What brings the ossicles into motion?
vibration from the tympanic membrane
vibrations in the ossicles cause the _____ to hit the ______
stapes, oval window
The spiral bony structure in the inner ear is known as the?
cochlea
The complex part of the ear is composed of 3 cavities:
vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals
The cochlea has 3 fluid filled canals:
scala vestiboli, scala media and scala tympani
between the scala vestibule and scala tympani there is a flexible membrane wall which contains the?
round window
The scala vestiboli is separated from the scala media by the?
basilar membrane
Important for hearing as it contains specialised hairs that turn acoustic energy into nerve impulses?
basilar memberane
The organ or corti has?
2 sets of sensory hair cells
the fine finger-like protrusions of upward facing hair cells are called?
cilia
The 8th cranial nerve, the auditory nerve is also known as the?
cochlear nerve
The cochlear nuclei is located in the ?
upper part of the medulla
They system by which information about different frequencies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane is known as?
place theory
The system by which information about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing neurons in the auditory system is known as the?
frequency theory or rate code.
The olfactory system has seven basic types of receptor, with each odorant molecule fitting into on type of site, this is known as?
stereochemical theory of olfaction
raised bumps on tongue containing taste buds/ receptor cells are known as?
papillae
Pain is information that is modified by the shutting or opening of a gate-like mechanism in an area of the spinal cord called the substantia gelatinosa. this is known as?
the gate theory of pain
If a skeletal muscle is examined closely with a microscope it is found to consist of a large mass of long thin____
muscle fibres
Each individual muscle is served by at least one motor neuron known as the
alpha motor neuron
What deals with the position of the body and its relationship with the external world?
proprioception
embedded within the layers of most skeletal muscles, lying parallel and squashed within their fibres, are specialised proprioceptors called?
muscle spindles
What lies at the point of attachment between muscles and the collagen firers that form the tendons?
Golgi tendon organs
What provides information about muscle tension or force of contraction?
golgi tendon organs
how is information from golgi tendon organs relayed to the interneurons of the spinal cord?
ib sensory fibres
A reflex which only requires one synapse is called?
monosynaptic reflex
The vestibular system provides information about?
position and movement of the head
The vestibular system has two main components:
semicircular canals and otolith organs
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
relay sensory information about rotational movements of the head to the brain
Frequency of sound waves roughly corresponds to our perception of
pitch
In the cochlea, the part of the basilar membrane furthest from the oval windows codes:
low frequencies
The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the
post central gyrus
the secondary somatosensory cortex is located in the
parietal lobe
What will cause a muscle to relax?
absence of acetylcholine
What is the characteristic of a ballistic reflex movement?
it proceeds automatically once it has been triggered
the amplitude of a sound wave translates to
intensity of a sound
Sound levels above what produce pain?
130 db
ability to distinguish between the same note on different instruments is due to?
timbre
What structure is responsible for translating sound into vibrations?
organ of corgi
The secondary auditory cortex is activated by what complex types of stimuli?
clicks or general bursts of noise
Different frequencies are processed in different locations, this is called?
tonotopic organisation
Binaural neurons are involved in localisation of sound are located in the
superior olive
Conduction loss is?
hearing loss resulting from problems in the outer or middle ears
Vibrations from a loud stereo can be sensed by your
pacinian corpuscles
What mechanoreceptor has a small receptive field and rapid rates of adaptation?
Meissner’s corpuscles
The Neural receptors for olfaction are contained within the
olfactory epithelium
Olfaction is unique among the major senses in that
information travels to the neocortex without first synapsing in the thalamus
Which nucleus in the thalamus receives information regarding taste?
central posterior medial nucleus
Muscles that straighten joints are referred to as
extensors
without this the intrafusal fibers cannot give the brain accurate information about how far the muscle was stretched which gives fine limb position
gamma motor neurons
