Aubf Urine Flashcards
SPECIMEN COLLECTION/HANDLING:
- Disposable, wide-mouthed, and flat-bottom containers ( screw cup )
- Clear containers and at least 50mL capacity
- bags for pediatrics and large plastic containers for 24-hour specimens
- Wear gloves when working with urine
SPECIMEN LABELING:
- Information on label:
o Patient’s name, ID number, date, time
o Additional information: age, location, physician - Place label on container, not lid
- Requisition form: must accompany specimen
SPECIMEN REJECTION:
• Unlabeled containers
• Non-matching labels and requisitions
• Contaminated specimens – feces, paper
• Contaminated containers
• Insufficient quantity
• Delayed or improper transport
Urine examination has been performed for many years as the diagnostic tool for many pathologic conditions by medical practitioners.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis It provides initial information on the health status of the patient based on the following parameters:
urine odor, color, transparency, pH, specific gravity, and volume
is the ultrafiltrate of the plasma, it gives evaluation to the status of the kidney.
Urine
3 parts of urine examination:
Physical examination – provides initial
information of the health status
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
Parameter of urine
Odor
Urine color
Transparency
Clarity
pH
Specific gravity
Freshly voided urine has a faint odor of aromatic compounds.
Odor
becomes predominant as the specimen stands.
Ammoniacal odor
Certain conditions produced unusual odors like bacterial infection which has ________,__________, and ___________which produces sweet or fruity odor.
foul, pungent odor and diabetic ketosis
The normal color of urine is
Yellow
It may vary from light yellow to amber color depending on the concentration of the pigment
Urochrome
There are factors that cause variation in urine color
diet, physical activity, medication, and disease
Urine colors:
orange, yellow-green, green, pink, red, and black
normal yellow urine may also contain analyte that signifies a disease such as _______, ____________ and others
glucose, ketones
is the general term pertaining to the clarity of the specimen.
Transparency (appearance)
It is determined by visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of light source.
Transparency
Common terms used to report the appearance of urine are:
Clear, hazy, slightly cloudy, turbid, and milky.
Freshly voided normal urine is usually
Clear
No visible particulates, transparent
Clear
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
Print cannot be seen through urine.
Turbid
May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
four most common substances that cause turbidity aside from amorphous crystals are
WBC, RBC, epithelial cells, and bacteria
It is the reflection of the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid.
pH
Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of __________to ________during a 24 hours period.
1.016 to 1.022
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Water:
Solute:
Water: 95%
Solute: 5%
Methods used to Measure Specific Gravity
Refractometry
Reagent Strip
Hydrometry
It is based on the measurement of the refractive index of a solution which is related to the content of dissolved solids present.
Refractometry
Refractometry
Tool or equipment :
Principle:
Tool or equipment : refractometer
Principle: refractive index
Specific gravity of distilled water in
Refractometer
1.00
It is an indirect colorimetric determination of the specific gravity. The method detects only the ionic solutes present in the urine specimen.
Reagent strip
Reagent strip principle:
Principle: indirect colorimetric determination of the specific gravity
It is based on the determination of urine’s density at room temperature.
Hydrometry
Hydrometry
Tool or equipment:
Principle:
Tool or equipment: Urinometer (hydrometer)
Principle: density
Hydrometer Sink to a level of __________in distilled water
1.000
Hydrometer reading is in
Read at lower meniscus
Examination or test used in pH
Litmus paper
Nitrazine paper
Reagent strip specific gravity
In refractometer 1 drop of urine is ul
20 ul
