aubf prelim Flashcards by Franzelle Besa

EXCELLENT
SEDIMENT
PRESERVATIVE

Formalin

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makes up approximately 85% of the total
nephron. Found mainly in the cortex of the kidney and are
responsible primarily for removal of waste products and
reabsorption of nutrients.

Cortical nephron

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have loops of Henle that extend
deep into the medulla of the kidney. Their primary
function is the concentration of urine

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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Total renal blood flow

1,200 ml/min

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Renal plasma flow

600-700 ml/min

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pressure that is created
by the varying sizes of the arterioles, which is
important for glomerular filtration and to
maintain consistency of glomerular capillary
pressure and renal blood flow within the
glomerulus.

Hydrostatic pressure

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Glomerulus resembles

sieve

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non-selective filter for plasma substances with
molecular weight

less than 70,000 daltons

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non-selective filter for plasma substances with
molecular weight

less than 70,000 daltons

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the fluid leaving the glomerulus
specific gravity

1.010

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capillary wall of glomerulus is fenestrated
Intertwining foot processes

podocytes

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repels molecules with a negative charge even molecules
are small enough to pass (Example is Albumin with a
negative charge under normal body pH)

Shield of Negativity

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System regulates the flow of blood to and within
the glomerulus. The system responds to changes in
blood pressure and plasma sodium content that are
monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which
consists of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole and the macula densa of the
distal convoluted tubule.

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE-SYSTEM

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Controls the regulation of the flow of blood to
and within the glomerulus.

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE-SYSTEM

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Primary electrolyte affected when RAAS is activated

SOIDUM

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Bloodborne Substrate for Renin Enzyme

Angiotensinogen

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A Product formed from enzymatic
reaction with angiotensinogen

Angiotensin I

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Inert form angiotensin

Angiotensin I

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A product formed from enzymatic
reaction with angiotensin I

Angiotensin II

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Active form angiotensin

Angiotensin II

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BEST INDICATOR OF OVERALL GLOMERULAR
FUNCTION

Clearance Test

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Considered as the GOLD STANDARD

Inulin clearance test

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Most commonly used clearance test

Creatinine clearance test

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greatest source of error in any
clearance procedure utilizing urine

improperly timed urine specimens

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The body must not lose _________ of water-containing essential substances every minute.

120ml

compose of 95% water 5% solutes

urine

This transport requires energy.

active transport

movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane.

Passive transport

Increase in daily urine output. Greater than 2.5L/day in adults 2.5 to 3 ml/kg/day in children

Polyuria

Decrease in urine output Less than 400ml/day in adults Less than 1ml/kg/hr in infants Less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr in children

Oliguria

Complete cessation of urine flow

Anuria

Frequent urination at night 50

Nocturia

Urochrome

Yellow

Uroerythrin

Pink

Urobilin

Brown, Dark- orange/yellow

• Recent fluid consumption • Polyuria • Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetes Insipidus

Colorless Pale Yellow

Color • Bilirubin • Acriflavine • Pyrimidium (drug for U.T.) • Phenindione

Dark Yellow Amber Orange

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

Yellow-green, yellow-brown

• Pseudomonas Infection • Methylene blue • Phenol

Green Blue-green

• RBCs (clear red) • Hemoglobin (cloudy red) • Myoglobin (cloudy red) • Beets

Pink Red

• Homogentisic acid • Melanin or melanogen • Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Brown Black

faint cloud in urine after standing, due to WBCs, epith cells and mucus

nubecula

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

hazy

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

cloudy

Print cannot be seen through urine

turbid

Many precipitate or clotted

milky

NON PATHOLOGIC CAUSE

1. Squamous epith cells 2. Mucus 3. Amorphous crystals 4. Semen, spermatozoa 5. Fecal contamination 6. Radiographic contrast media 7. Talcum powder 8. Vaginal cream

PATHOLOGIC CAUSE OF TURBIDITY

1. RBCs 2. WBCs 3. Bacteria 4. Yeast 5. Non squamous epith cells 6. Abnormal crystals 7. Lymph fluids 8. Lipids

First morning spx urine ph

5.0-6.0

First morning spx urine

5.0-6.0

Normal ph of urine

4.5 to 8.0

Ketones, DM, Starvation, vomiting, strenuous exercise, diarrhea

Fruity, sweet

Maple syrup urine disease, caramel sugar

Maple syrup

Phenylketonuria smell

Mousy odor, Bary or musty odor

Hawkinsinuria

Swimming pool

Asparagus, garlic, and egg

Mercaptan odor

Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection, did urine

Foul, ammonia-like, felid

Daily loss of protein in urine normally does not exceed to _____

150mg

major serum protein found in urine

albumin

Most frequently performed chemical analysis on urine Other sugars in urine: Fructose, Galactose, Lactose, Pentose

glucose

Bilirubin Principle

Diazo reaction

Glucose

Double sequential enzymatic reaction

Ketones

Sod. Nitroprusside (Legal’s reaction)

S.G principle

pKa change of polyelectrolyte

pH principle

Double indicator system

Protein

Protein (Sorensen’s) error of indicator

Blood

Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

urobilinogen principle

Ehrlich’s reaction

urobilinogen

Ehrlich’s reaction

Nitrite

Greiss reaction

Leukocyte

Leukocyte esterase

Test to differentiate Urobilinogen (Soluble in chloroform and butanol and Porphobilinogen (Insoluble in chloroform and butanol)

WATSON SCHWARTZ TEST

Used for routine analysis

Brightfield microscopy

Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads and Trichomonas

Phase-contrast microscopy

Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

Polarizing microscopy

Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

Polarizing microscopy

Aids in identification of Treponema pallidum

Dark-field microscopy

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by a fluorescent dye

Fluorescence microscopy

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by a fluorescent dye

Fluorescence microscopy

Produces a three-dimensional microscopy-image and layer-by-layer imaging of a specimen

Interference- contrast

Acute tubular necrosis smell

Odorless Odorless

Contamination smell

bleach

Wrote the book of “uroscopy

Hippocrates

Discovered albuminuria by boiling urine

Frederik Dekker

Published a book about “Pisse Prophets”

Thomas Bryant

Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination

Richard Bright

Urochrome – the pigment that causes yellow color of urine

Thudicum