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MTAP 1 pt 2 > AUBF 1 pt 1 > Flashcards

AUBF 1 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of CDC

A

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

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2
Q

Meaning of OSHA

A

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

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3
Q

Meaning of CLSI

A

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTE

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4
Q

Meaning of PPE

A

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

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5
Q

Meaning of UP

A

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

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6
Q

Meaning of BSI

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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7
Q

Meaning of NFPA

A

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

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8
Q

Sharps Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

NEEDLES / SYRINGE, LANCET, BROKEN GLASSWARES
CUTS, PUNCTURES, BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN EXPOSURE

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8
Q

Biologic Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

INFECTIOUS AGENTS
BACTERIAL, FUNGAL, VIRAL, PRIONS, OR PARASITIC FUNCTIONS

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8
Q

Chemical Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

PRESERVATIVES & REAGENTS
EXPOSURE TO TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC, OR CAUSTIC AGENTS

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9
Q

Radioactive Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

EQUIPMENT & RADIOISOTOPES
RADIATION EXPOSURE

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10
Q

Electrical Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

UNGROUNDED / WET EQUIPMENT, FRAYED CORDS
BURNS OR SHOCK

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11
Q

Fire / Explosive Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

OPEN FLAMES, ORGANIC CHEMICALS
BURNS OR DISMEMBERMENT

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12
Q

Physical / Ergonomic Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

WET FLOORS
FALLS, SPRAINS, OR STRAINS

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13
Q

A continuous link (6-links) on how microorganisms are transmitted

A

CHAIN OF INFECTION

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14
Q

Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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15
Q

Animals, humans, fomites, insects, blood, body fluids

A

RESERVOIR

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16
Q

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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17
Q

Droplet, airborne, contact, vector, vehicle

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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18
Q

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes, skin, unsterile equipment

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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19
Q

Patients, elderly, newborns, immuno-compromised, healthcare workers

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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20
Q

3 Links

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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21
Q

Examples of Airborne / Aerosol Transmission

A

CENTRIFUGATION OF UNSTOPPERED TUBES

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22
Q

Examples of Ingestion Transmission

A

SMOKING
APPLYING COSMETICS

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23
Q

Examples of Direct Inoculation Transmission

A

BROKEN GLASS
ANIMAL BITES
SMALL SCRATCHES

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24
Q

Examples of Mucous Membrane Transmission

A

INFECTIONS THAT OCCUR IF THE ORGANISM CAN DIRECTLY ENTER THE MEMBRANES SUCH AS THROUGH THE CONJUNCTIVA OF THE EYE

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25
Q

Examples of Arthropod Transmission

A

TICKS, FLEAS, MOSQUITOES

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26
Q

Biological Waste Disposal
ALL EXCEPT URINE:

A

APPROPRIATE CONTAINERS LABELED WITH BIOHAZARD SYMBOL
STERILIZED / DECONTAMINATED BEFORE DISPOSAL

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27
Q

Biological Waste Disposal
Urine:

A

POUR INTO LAB SINK UNDER PLEXIGLAS COUNTERTOP SHIELD
CARE TO AVOID SPLASHING
FLUSH SINK WITH WATER AFTER

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28
Q

Biological Waste Disposal
Disinfection of Sink:

A

DAILY 1:10 or 1:5 DILUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

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29
Q

Sodium Hypochlorite: stable for up to?

A

1 MONTH, KEPT IN CLOSED CONTAINER & AWAY FROM LIGHT

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30
Q

Biological Waste Disposal
Empty urine containers:

A

DISCARD AS NON-BIOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE

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31
Q

0.5% Bleach

A

ADD 1 PART HOUSEHOLD BLEACH TO 9 PARTS WATER (1:10 DILUTION), STABLE FOR UP TO 1 WEEK

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32
Q

ALL SHARPS:

A

PUNCTURE-RESISTANT, LEAK-PROOF CONTAINERS WITH BIOHAZARD SYMBOL
DO NOT OVERFILL, REPLACE WHEN SAFE CAPACITY MARK IS REACHED

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33
Q

Label with description of hazard:

A

POISONOUS, CORROSIVE, FLAMMABLE, EXPLOSIVE, TETRATOGENIC, CARCINOGENIC

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34
Q

Chemical Spills:

A

FLUSH AREA WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 15 MINS THEN SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION

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35
Q

Contain info about the chemical

A

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

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36
Q

Amount of radiation: Related to a combination of

A

TIME, DISTANCE, & SHIELDING

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37
Q

Radiation during pregnancy:

A

DANGER TO THE FETUS

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38
Q

Utero:

A

TERATOGENIC, CARCINOGENIC, OR MUTAGENIC

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39
Q

Equipment must use:

A

3 PRONG PLUG

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40
Q

Accident involving electric shocks:

A
  1. TURN OFF CIRCUIT BREAKER
  2. UNPLUG EQUIPMENT
  3. MOVE EQUIPMENT USING NONCONDUCTIVE GLASS OR WOOD OBJECT
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41
Q

When a fire is discovered, people are expected to:

A

RESCUE - anyone in immediate danger
ALARM - activate the institutional fire alarm system
CONTAIN - close all doors to potentially affected areas
EXTINGUISH / EVACUATE - attempt to extinguished the fire, if possible or evacuate, closing the door

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42
Q

To operate fire extinguisher

A

PULL the pin
AIM at the base of the fire
SQUEEZE handles
SWEEP nozzles side to side

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43
Q

Primary method of infection transmission

A

HAND CONTACT

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44
Q

Main solution to break chain of infection

A

HANDWASHING

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45
Q

Father of handwashing

A

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS-

46
Q

Handwashing Songs:

A

HAPPY BIRTHDAY
TWINKLE TWINKLE, LITTLE STAR
ALPHABET SONG

47
Q

Used when hands are not soiled

A

ALCOHOL-BASED CLEANSERS

48
Q

Used when hands are visibly soiled

A

HANDWASHING

49
Q

Last step in handwashing:

A

TURN OFF FAUCETS WITH A CLEAN PAPER TOWEL TO PREVENT RECONTAMINATION

50
Q

Most important step in handwashing:

A

RUBBING / APPLYING FRICTION

51
Q

Degree of Hazard:
0:
1+:
2+
3+:
4+:

A

0: NO HAZARD
1+: SLIGHT HAZARD
2+ MODERATE HAZARD
3+: SERIOUS HAZARD
4+: EXTREME HAZARD

52
Q

Kidneys
Shape:
Location:

A

Shape: BEAN-SHAPED
Location: POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL IN PERITONEUM

53
Q

Adult human kidney
Mass:
Length:
Width:
Depth:
Nephrons:

A

Mass: ~150 g
Length: ~12.5 cm
Width: ~6 cm
Depth: ~2.5 cm
Nephrons: ~1 to 1.5 million

54
Q

85% of total nephron, removal of waste products & reabsorption of nutrients

A

CORTICAL NEPHRON

55
Q

Concentration of urine

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON

56
Q

General functions of kidney:

A
  • EXCRETORY FUNCTION
    A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
    B. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
    C. TUBULAR SECRETION
  • REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE IN THE BODY
  • REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
  • REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTES
  • REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE THROUGH SECRETION OF RENIN
  • STIMULATES ERYTHROPOIESIS THROUGH SECRETION OF EPO
57
Q

Supplies blood to the kidney

A

RENAL ARTERY

58
Q

Total renal blood flow:

A

1,200 mL PER MINUTE

59
Q

Renal plasma flow:

A

500-700 mL PER MINUTE

60
Q

Created by varying sizes of arterioles, important for glomerular filtration, averages ___, driving force behind glomerular filtration

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
55 mmHg

61
Q

Protein in blood, not in ultrafiltrate, ___ opposes glomerular filtration as well

A

ONCOTIC PRESSURE
30 mmHg

62
Q

Outcome of 3 pressure differences (___, ___, ___):

A

GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY
HYDROSTATIC
ONCOTIC
10 mmHg

63
Q

Supplies blood individually to glomerulus of each nephron

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

64
Q

Order of blood flow in the nephron:

A

RENAL ARTERY > AFFERENT ARTERIOLE > GLOMERULUS > EFFERENT ARTERIOLE > PENTUBULAR CAPILLARIES > VASA RECTA > RENAL VEIN

65
Q

Order of urine formation from the nephron:

A

GLOMERULUS > BOWMAN’S CAPSULE > PCT > DLH > ALH > DCT > COLLECTING DUCTS

66
Q

~8 capillary lobes -> coil

A

CAPILLARY TUFT

67
Q

Glomerulus
Resembles:
Location:
Molecular weight:

A

Resembles: SIEVE
Location: WITHIN BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
Molecular weight: less than 70,000

68
Q

Fluid leaving glomerulus specific gravity

A

1.010

69
Q

___ or ___ of renal plasma is filtered forming ___

A

~120 mL/min
ONE-FIFTH

70
Q

Normally free of protein

A

ULTRAFILTRATE

71
Q

Cellular structure of glomerulus:

A
  1. CAPILLARY WALL MEMBRANE
  2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
  3. VISCERAL EPITHELIUM OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
72
Q

Barriers that prohibit the filtration of large molecules:

A

CAPILLARY WALL OF GLOMERULUS IS FENESTRATED
PODOCYTES
SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY

73
Q

Intertwining foot processes

A

PODOCYTES

74
Q

Repels molecules with a negative charge even molecules are small enough to pass

A

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY

75
Q

Maintains glomerular blood pressure
Location:
Secretes renin

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
Location: AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

76
Q

Location:
Sensor of change in blood pressure

A

MACULA DENSA
Location: DCT

77
Q

Decrease Blood Pressure = ___ of afferent arteriole, ___ of efferent arteriole

A

DILATION
CONSTRICTION

78
Q

Increase Blood Pressure = ___ of afferent arteriole, ___ of efferent arteriole

A

CONSTRICTION
DILATION

79
Q

Controls regulation of bloodflow to & within the glomerulus

A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

80
Q

Primary electrolyte affected when activated

A

SODIUM

81
Q

RAAS Functions:

A
  1. DA/CE: DILATION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, CONSTRICTION OF EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  2. SODIUM REABSORPTION AT PCT
  3. ALDOSTERONE FOR SODIUM RETENTION
  4. ADH FOR WATER REABSORPTION
82
Q

Stimulus desense blood pressure / low plasma sodium

A

ANGIOTENSINOGEN
↓ Renin
ANGIOTENSIN I
↓ Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) = Lungs
ANGIOTENSIN II

83
Q

Best indicator of overall glomerular function

A

CLEARANCE TEST

84
Q

Polymer of fructose, not a normal body constituent

A

INSULIN CLEARANCE TEST AKA REFERENCE METHOD

85
Q

Most commonly used, waste product of muscle metabolism, produced enzymatically by creatine phosphokinase from creatine, which links with ATP to produce ADP & energy

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE TEST

86
Q

Greatest source of error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine

A

IMPROPERLY TIMED SPECIMEN

87
Q

Plasma / serum creatinine can be collected anytime within ___

A

24 HOURS OF URINE COLLECTION

88
Q

Specimen collection: ___ + ___ ideally ___

A

24-HOUR URINE + SERUM CREATININE VALUE
COLLECTED AT MIDPOINT OF 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTION

89
Q

Why do we need to refrigerate urine?

A

TO PREVENT BACTERIAL GROWTH

90
Q

__ blood sample in labeled tube, ___/___ temperature

A

1 mL
REFRIGERATED/FROZEN

91
Q

Disadvantage of using creatinine:
1. Some creatinine is secreted by the ___
2. Medications inhibit tubular secretion of urine = ___
3. Bacteria if room temp = ___
4. Diet heavy in meat = ___
5. Not reliable indicator in ___
6. ___ can increase levels by ___
7. Affected by ___ & ___

A
  1. TUBULES
  2. FALSE INCREASE
  3. FALSE DECREASE
  4. FALSE INCREASE
  5. ATHLETES
  6. TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, ~0.4-0.5 mg/dL
  7. SEX & RACE
92
Q

Other tests for glomerular filtration:

A

CYSTATIN C
BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN
RADIOISOTOPES
UREA CLEARANCE TEST

93
Q

Earliest clearance test

A

UREA CLEARANCE TEST

93
Q

Small protein, potential as marker for long-term monitoring of renal function
Molecular weight:
Plasma concentration ___ related to GFR
Rate of production is not affected by muscle mass, sex, race

A

CYSTATIN C
13,359
INVERSELY

94
Q

Better marker for reduced renal tubular function than of glomerular filtration

A

BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN

95
Q

Body must not lose ___ water-containing essential substances every minute

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
120 mL

96
Q

Often the first function affected in renal disease

A

LOSS OF TUBULAR FUNCTION CAPABILITY

97
Q

Urine composition

A

95% WATER, 5% SOLUTES

98
Q

Total solute in 24 hours

A

60 g (35 g ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, 25 g INORGANIC SUBSTANCES)

99
Q

2 Mechanisms of Tubular Reabsorption:

A
  1. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  2. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
100
Q

Must combine with carrier protein
Requires energy

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

101
Q

Movement of substance from area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

102
Q

Passive reabsorption of water: ALL parts of nephron EXCEPT ___

A

ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE

103
Q

Actively transport in ALL parts of nephron EXCEPT ___

A

SODIUM
ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE

104
Q

Maximal rate of reabsorption of solute by tubular epithelium per minute (mg per min), varies with each solute & depends on GFR

A

MAXIMAL TUBULAR REABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

105
Q

Plasma concentration at which active transport stops

A

RENAL THRESHOLD

106
Q

Glucose renal threshold

A

150-180 mg/dL (350 mg/min)

107
Q

Sodium renal threshold

A

110-130 mg/dL

108
Q

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to achieve osmotic equilibrium

A

OSMOLALITY

109
Q

Selective reabsorption process

A

COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM

110
Q

Responsible for reabsorption of water in DCT & collecting ducts in kidney

A

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) / VASOPRESSIN

111
Q

↑ Body Hydration = ___ ADH = ___ Urine Volume = ___ / ___ S.G

A

↑ Body Hydration = ↓ ADH = ↑ Urine Volume = Diluted or low S.G

112
Q

↓ Body Hydration = ___ ADH = ___ Urine Volume = ___ / ___ S.G

A

↓ Body Hydration = ↑ ADH = ↓ Urine volume = Concentrated or High S.G

MTAP 1 pt 2 (3 decks)

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