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MTAP 1 pt 2 > AUBF 1 pt 1 > Flashcards

AUBF 1 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of CDC

A

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

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2
Q

Meaning of OSHA

A

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

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3
Q

Meaning of CLSI

A

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTE

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4
Q

Meaning of PPE

A

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

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5
Q

Meaning of UP

A

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

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6
Q

Meaning of BSI

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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7
Q

Meaning of NFPA

A

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

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8
Q

Sharps Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

NEEDLES / SYRINGE, LANCET, BROKEN GLASSWARES
CUTS, PUNCTURES, BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN EXPOSURE

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8
Q

Biologic Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

INFECTIOUS AGENTS
BACTERIAL, FUNGAL, VIRAL, PRIONS, OR PARASITIC FUNCTIONS

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8
Q

Chemical Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

PRESERVATIVES & REAGENTS
EXPOSURE TO TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC, OR CAUSTIC AGENTS

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9
Q

Radioactive Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

EQUIPMENT & RADIOISOTOPES
RADIATION EXPOSURE

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10
Q

Electrical Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

UNGROUNDED / WET EQUIPMENT, FRAYED CORDS
BURNS OR SHOCK

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11
Q

Fire / Explosive Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

OPEN FLAMES, ORGANIC CHEMICALS
BURNS OR DISMEMBERMENT

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12
Q

Physical / Ergonomic Hazards
Source:
Possible Injury:

A

WET FLOORS
FALLS, SPRAINS, OR STRAINS

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13
Q

A continuous link (6-links) on how microorganisms are transmitted

A

CHAIN OF INFECTION

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14
Q

Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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15
Q

Animals, humans, fomites, insects, blood, body fluids

A

RESERVOIR

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16
Q

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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17
Q

Droplet, airborne, contact, vector, vehicle

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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18
Q

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes, skin, unsterile equipment

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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19
Q

Patients, elderly, newborns, immuno-compromised, healthcare workers

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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20
Q

3 Links

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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21
Q

Examples of Airborne / Aerosol Transmission

A

CENTRIFUGATION OF UNSTOPPERED TUBES

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22
Q

Examples of Ingestion Transmission

A

SMOKING
APPLYING COSMETICS

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23
Examples of Direct Inoculation Transmission
BROKEN GLASS ANIMAL BITES SMALL SCRATCHES
24
Examples of Mucous Membrane Transmission
INFECTIONS THAT OCCUR IF THE ORGANISM CAN DIRECTLY ENTER THE MEMBRANES SUCH AS THROUGH THE CONJUNCTIVA OF THE EYE
25
Examples of Arthropod Transmission
TICKS, FLEAS, MOSQUITOES
26
Biological Waste Disposal ALL EXCEPT URINE:
APPROPRIATE CONTAINERS LABELED WITH BIOHAZARD SYMBOL STERILIZED / DECONTAMINATED BEFORE DISPOSAL
27
Biological Waste Disposal Urine:
POUR INTO LAB SINK UNDER PLEXIGLAS COUNTERTOP SHIELD CARE TO AVOID SPLASHING FLUSH SINK WITH WATER AFTER
28
Biological Waste Disposal Disinfection of Sink:
DAILY 1:10 or 1:5 DILUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
29
Sodium Hypochlorite: stable for up to?
1 MONTH, KEPT IN CLOSED CONTAINER & AWAY FROM LIGHT
30
Biological Waste Disposal Empty urine containers:
DISCARD AS NON-BIOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE
31
0.5% Bleach
ADD 1 PART HOUSEHOLD BLEACH TO 9 PARTS WATER (1:10 DILUTION), STABLE FOR UP TO 1 WEEK
32
ALL SHARPS:
PUNCTURE-RESISTANT, LEAK-PROOF CONTAINERS WITH BIOHAZARD SYMBOL DO NOT OVERFILL, REPLACE WHEN SAFE CAPACITY MARK IS REACHED
33
Label with description of hazard:
POISONOUS, CORROSIVE, FLAMMABLE, EXPLOSIVE, TETRATOGENIC, CARCINOGENIC
34
Chemical Spills:
FLUSH AREA WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR AT LEAST 15 MINS THEN SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION
35
Contain info about the chemical
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)
36
Amount of radiation: Related to a combination of
TIME, DISTANCE, & SHIELDING
37
Radiation during pregnancy:
DANGER TO THE FETUS
38
Utero:
TERATOGENIC, CARCINOGENIC, OR MUTAGENIC
39
Equipment must use:
3 PRONG PLUG
40
Accident involving electric shocks:
1. TURN OFF CIRCUIT BREAKER 2. UNPLUG EQUIPMENT 3. MOVE EQUIPMENT USING NONCONDUCTIVE GLASS OR WOOD OBJECT
41
When a fire is discovered, people are expected to:
RESCUE - anyone in immediate danger ALARM - activate the institutional fire alarm system CONTAIN - close all doors to potentially affected areas EXTINGUISH / EVACUATE - attempt to extinguished the fire, if possible or evacuate, closing the door
42
To operate fire extinguisher
PULL the pin AIM at the base of the fire SQUEEZE handles SWEEP nozzles side to side
43
Primary method of infection transmission
HAND CONTACT
44
Main solution to break chain of infection
HANDWASHING
45
Father of handwashing
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS-
46
Handwashing Songs:
HAPPY BIRTHDAY TWINKLE TWINKLE, LITTLE STAR ALPHABET SONG
47
Used when hands are not soiled
ALCOHOL-BASED CLEANSERS
48
Used when hands are visibly soiled
HANDWASHING
49
Last step in handwashing:
TURN OFF FAUCETS WITH A CLEAN PAPER TOWEL TO PREVENT RECONTAMINATION
50
Most important step in handwashing:
RUBBING / APPLYING FRICTION
51
Degree of Hazard: 0: 1+: 2+ 3+: 4+:
0: NO HAZARD 1+: SLIGHT HAZARD 2+ MODERATE HAZARD 3+: SERIOUS HAZARD 4+: EXTREME HAZARD
52
Kidneys Shape: Location:
Shape: BEAN-SHAPED Location: POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL IN PERITONEUM
53
Adult human kidney Mass: Length: Width: Depth: Nephrons:
Mass: ~150 g Length: ~12.5 cm Width: ~6 cm Depth: ~2.5 cm Nephrons: ~1 to 1.5 million
54
85% of total nephron, removal of waste products & reabsorption of nutrients
CORTICAL NEPHRON
55
Concentration of urine
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON
56
General functions of kidney:
* EXCRETORY FUNCTION A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION B. TUBULAR REABSORPTION C. TUBULAR SECRETION * REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE IN THE BODY * REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE * REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTES * REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE THROUGH SECRETION OF RENIN * STIMULATES ERYTHROPOIESIS THROUGH SECRETION OF EPO
57
Supplies blood to the kidney
RENAL ARTERY
58
Total renal blood flow:
1,200 mL PER MINUTE
59
Renal plasma flow:
500-700 mL PER MINUTE
60
Created by varying sizes of arterioles, important for glomerular filtration, averages ___, driving force behind glomerular filtration
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 55 mmHg
61
Protein in blood, not in ultrafiltrate, ___ opposes glomerular filtration as well
ONCOTIC PRESSURE 30 mmHg
62
Outcome of 3 pressure differences (___, ___, ___):
GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC ONCOTIC 10 mmHg
63
Supplies blood individually to glomerulus of each nephron
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
64
Order of blood flow in the nephron:
RENAL ARTERY > AFFERENT ARTERIOLE > GLOMERULUS > EFFERENT ARTERIOLE > PENTUBULAR CAPILLARIES > VASA RECTA > RENAL VEIN
65
Order of urine formation from the nephron:
GLOMERULUS > BOWMAN'S CAPSULE > PCT > DLH > ALH > DCT > COLLECTING DUCTS
66
~8 capillary lobes -> coil
CAPILLARY TUFT
67
Glomerulus Resembles: Location: Molecular weight:
Resembles: SIEVE Location: WITHIN BOWMAN'S CAPSULE Molecular weight: less than 70,000
68
Fluid leaving glomerulus specific gravity
1.010
69
___ or ___ of renal plasma is filtered forming ___
~120 mL/min ONE-FIFTH
70
Normally free of protein
ULTRAFILTRATE
71
Cellular structure of glomerulus:
1. CAPILLARY WALL MEMBRANE 2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE 3. VISCERAL EPITHELIUM OF BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
72
Barriers that prohibit the filtration of large molecules:
CAPILLARY WALL OF GLOMERULUS IS FENESTRATED PODOCYTES SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY
73
Intertwining foot processes
PODOCYTES
74
Repels molecules with a negative charge even molecules are small enough to pass
SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY
75
Maintains glomerular blood pressure Location: Secretes renin
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS Location: AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
76
Location: Sensor of change in blood pressure
MACULA DENSA Location: DCT
77
Decrease Blood Pressure = ___ of afferent arteriole, ___ of efferent arteriole
DILATION CONSTRICTION
78
Increase Blood Pressure = ___ of afferent arteriole, ___ of efferent arteriole
CONSTRICTION DILATION
79
Controls regulation of bloodflow to & within the glomerulus
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
80
Primary electrolyte affected when activated
SODIUM
81
RAAS Functions:
1. DA/CE: DILATION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, CONSTRICTION OF EFFERENT ARTERIOLE 2. SODIUM REABSORPTION AT PCT 3. ALDOSTERONE FOR SODIUM RETENTION 4. ADH FOR WATER REABSORPTION
82
Stimulus desense blood pressure / low plasma sodium
ANGIOTENSINOGEN ↓ Renin ANGIOTENSIN I ↓ Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) = Lungs ANGIOTENSIN II
83
Best indicator of overall glomerular function
CLEARANCE TEST
84
Polymer of fructose, not a normal body constituent
INSULIN CLEARANCE TEST AKA REFERENCE METHOD
85
Most commonly used, waste product of muscle metabolism, produced enzymatically by creatine phosphokinase from creatine, which links with ATP to produce ADP & energy
CREATININE CLEARANCE TEST
86
Greatest source of error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine
IMPROPERLY TIMED SPECIMEN
87
Plasma / serum creatinine can be collected anytime within ___
24 HOURS OF URINE COLLECTION
88
Specimen collection: ___ + ___ ideally ___
24-HOUR URINE + SERUM CREATININE VALUE COLLECTED AT MIDPOINT OF 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTION
89
Why do we need to refrigerate urine?
TO PREVENT BACTERIAL GROWTH
90
__ blood sample in labeled tube, ___/___ temperature
1 mL REFRIGERATED/FROZEN
91
Disadvantage of using creatinine: 1. Some creatinine is secreted by the ___ 2. Medications inhibit tubular secretion of urine = ___ 3. Bacteria if room temp = ___ 4. Diet heavy in meat = ___ 5. Not reliable indicator in ___ 6. ___ can increase levels by ___ 7. Affected by ___ & ___
1. TUBULES 2. FALSE INCREASE 3. FALSE DECREASE 4. FALSE INCREASE 5. ATHLETES 6. TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, ~0.4-0.5 mg/dL 7. SEX & RACE
92
Other tests for glomerular filtration:
CYSTATIN C BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN RADIOISOTOPES UREA CLEARANCE TEST
93
Earliest clearance test
UREA CLEARANCE TEST
93
Small protein, potential as marker for long-term monitoring of renal function Molecular weight: Plasma concentration ___ related to GFR Rate of production is not affected by muscle mass, sex, race
CYSTATIN C 13,359 INVERSELY
94
Better marker for reduced renal tubular function than of glomerular filtration
BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN
95
Body must not lose ___ water-containing essential substances every minute
TUBULAR REABSORPTION 120 mL
96
Often the first function affected in renal disease
LOSS OF TUBULAR FUNCTION CAPABILITY
97
Urine composition
95% WATER, 5% SOLUTES
98
Total solute in 24 hours
60 g (35 g ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, 25 g INORGANIC SUBSTANCES)
99
2 Mechanisms of Tubular Reabsorption:
1. ACTIVE TRANSPORT 2. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
100
Must combine with carrier protein Requires energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
101
Movement of substance from area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
102
Passive reabsorption of water: ALL parts of nephron EXCEPT ___
ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
103
Actively transport in ALL parts of nephron EXCEPT ___
SODIUM ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
104
Maximal rate of reabsorption of solute by tubular epithelium per minute (mg per min), varies with each solute & depends on GFR
MAXIMAL TUBULAR REABSORPTIVE CAPACITY
105
Plasma concentration at which active transport stops
RENAL THRESHOLD
106
Glucose renal threshold
150-180 mg/dL (350 mg/min)
107
Sodium renal threshold
110-130 mg/dL
108
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to achieve osmotic equilibrium
OSMOLALITY
109
Selective reabsorption process
COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM
110
Responsible for reabsorption of water in DCT & collecting ducts in kidney
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) / VASOPRESSIN
111
↑ Body Hydration = ___ ADH = ___ Urine Volume = ___ / ___ S.G
↑ Body Hydration = ↓ ADH = ↑ Urine Volume = Diluted or low S.G
112
↓ Body Hydration = ___ ADH = ___ Urine Volume = ___ / ___ S.G
↓ Body Hydration = ↑ ADH = ↓ Urine volume = Concentrated or High S.G

MTAP 1 pt 2 (3 decks)

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