Atypical Development

Question 1

What is a neurodevelopmental disorder?

Answer 1

Disorders that influence brain functions and alters neurological development
- Causes difficulties in social, cognitive and emotional functioning.
- Diagnosed in early childhood.
Causes functional impairment

Question 2

Symptoms of ADHD

Answer 2

Behaviour present before 12 and across 2+ settings.

• Careless mistakes
• Not listening

Hyperactivity:
-Frequent fidgeting
- Excessive talking
- Difficulty waiting

Question 3

What are the possible reasons for ADHD?

Answer 3

Genetic Factors

Environmental factors e.g. Lead poisoning.

Question 4

What is cognitive disengagement syndrome?

Answer 4

• Associated with inattentive symptoms
• Distinct disorder
• 40% of people with ADHD have symptoms of CDS.

Question 5

What are the symptoms of CDS?

Answer 5

• Excessive daydreaming
• Slow behaviours

Question 6

What are the treatments for ADHD?

Answer 6

• Medication (stimulants 80% effective)
• Behavioural mangement
• Planning and organization
• CBT
• Cognitive rehabilitation

Question 7

What are ADHD compensatory mechanisms?

Answer 7

• Organisation strategies
• Perfectionism
• Sensory strategies
• Listening to music

Question 8

What are the two main disruptive behaviour disorders?

Answer 8

• Oppositional defiant disorder
• Conduct disorder

Question 9

Symptoms of Oppositional defiant disorder:

Answer 9

• Angry/irritable mood
• Argumentative
• Vindictiveness

Question 10

Causes of Oppositional defiant disorder:

Answer 10

• Parents may have substance problems, poor nutrition, smoking during pregnancy
• Neglectful relationships
• Poor parenting, poverty

Question 11

Treatments for Oppositional defiant disorder:

Answer 11

• Behavioural management
• Mentalisation-based family therapy (identify attachment disruptions that lead to behavioural problems.
• Parent-child interaction therapy.

Question 12

Symptoms of conduct disorder:

Answer 12

• Aggressive behaviour towards others and animals
• Frequent physical altercations with others
• Deliberately physically cruel to others and animals
• Involvement in confrontational economic order crime.
• Has perpetrated a forcible sex act on another.
• Property destruction by arson.
• Property destruction by other means.
• Has engaged in non-confrontational economic order crime- e.g., breaking and entering.
• Has engaged in non-confrontational retail theft, e.g., shoplifting.
• Disregarded parent’s curfew prior to age 13.
• Has run away from home at least two times.
• Has been truant before age 13.

Question 13

Treatment for conduct disorder:

Answer 13

• PCIT
• Trauma treatment
• Behavioural management
• Social and empathy training
• Mentalisation-based family therapy

Question 14

Symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 14

• Deficits in social communication#
• Repetitive patterns of behaviour (motor movements)
• Inflexible adherence to routines
• Distress with small changes
• Eat the same food every day
• Hyper/hypo activity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of environment

Question 15

What do those with ASD have difficulties with?

Answer 15

Sensory and emotion processing
Empathy
Executive functioning

Question 16

Treatment for ASD

Answer 16

Behavioural management

Question 17

What are neurogenetic disorders?

Answer 17

• Examination of disorders that defined genetically provides rich information about how genes link to psychiatric disorders/symptoms
• Allows for examination of hormones

Question 18

Prader Will syndrome symptoms:

Answer 18

• Floppiness at birth and difficulties feeding
  Older age: disturbed growth, excessive appetite, skin picking, disruptive behavior, high pain tolerance

Question 19

Turner syndrome symptoms:

Answer 19

-missing part of or entire x chromosome.

• Stunted growth, no natural menses, heart problems, poor math skills, anxiety, increased likelihood of ADHD and ASD.

Question 20

Symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome:

Answer 20

boys have extra dosage of x chromosome xxy+

• Infertility, small testes
• Weaker muscles
• Less body hair
• Breast growth
• Less interest in sex
• Troubles with reading and speech
• Social difficulties

Question 21

Symptoms of Fragile X:

Answer 21

Caused by changes in Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1

This leads to the inability producing FM = brain development problems
- Learning disabilities
- Social and behavioural problems;
No eye contact, lack of attention, hand flapping, speaking without thinking

Question 22

Symptoms of Williams syndrome:

Answer 22

Microdeletion of one copy of chromosome-
- Mild to moderate intellectual disability
- Poor visual-spatial skills
- Friendly outgoing personality
- Phenotypic facial features
- Growth problems and short stature
- Other musculoskeletal, neurological and endocrine anomalies.

Question 23

What are the pros of neurodiversity?

Answer 23

• Helps schools/jobs become more empathetic towards those with neurodevelopmental and learning disorders.

Question 24

What are the cons of Neurodiversity?

Answer 24

• under emphasises how well treatments can be effective
• May not fully emphasize how severe some symptoms are (non-verbal autism), urging need for support rather than normalizing od the disorder.
• May cause people to self diagnose which is not accurate and could be harmful for person.