ATTRIBUTION: FROM ELEMENTS TO DISPOSITION

Question 1

how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experiences, being neither internal or external

Answer 1

Attribution

Question 2

by Fritz Heider, how we attribute feelings and intentions to people to understand their behavior

Answer 2

Attribution theory

Question 3

Two categories of attribution theory

Answer 3

Personal attribution
Situational attribution

Question 4

attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood or effort.

Answer 4

Personal attribution

Question 5

attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck

Answer 5

Situational attribution

Question 6

a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and other’s behaviors.

Answer 6

attribution bias or attributional bias

Question 7

quick, easy, automatic – using a pricess that one might call “intuitive”

Answer 7

SYSTEM 1

Question 8

slow, controlled, and requires attention and effort – a process that feels more reasoned

Answer 8

SYSTEM 2

Question 9

information-processing rules of thumb that enables us to think in ways that are quick and easy but that often lead to error.

Answer 9

Cognitive heuristics

Question 10

a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind.

Answer 10

Availability heuristics

Question 11

Availability heuristics can lead us astray in two ways:

Answer 11

False-concensus effect
Base-rate fallacy

Question 12

a tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes and behaviors

Answer 12

False-consensus effect

Question 13

the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates

Answer 13

Base-rate fallacy

Question 14

a tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that might have occurred but did not.

Answer 14

counterfactual thinking

Question 15

the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior

Answer 15

Fundamental attribution error

Question 16

characterized by the tendency to form and hold beliefs that serve the individual’s needs and desires.

sometimes called as. “self-serving biases”

Answer 16

motivational biases

Question 17

the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression

Answer 17

impression formation

Question 18

impressions formed of others are based on a combination, or integration of:
personal dispositions and the current state of the perceiver and a weighted average, not a simple average, of the target person’s characteristics

Answer 18

Information integration theory

Question 19

process of impression formation invilves combining personal attributions about an individual to create coherent picture of them.

Answer 19

the arithmetic

Question 20

In this model, individuals sum up all the positive and negative traits of a person to form an impression. The more positive traits, the better the impression.

Answer 20

Summation model

Question 21

calculates the mental average of all various traits. a higher value is associated with a more favorable impression

Answer 21

Averaging model

Question 22

the tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily influence the interpretation of new information.

Answer 22

Priming

Question 23

people can be distinguished by five broad personality traits: extroversion, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Answer 23

Trait difference in impressions

Question 24

the positive or negative nature of a trait affects how it shapes or impressions

Answer 24

Trait valence and impressiosn

Question 25

assumptions about how different traits and behaviors are connected.

Answer 25

Implicit personality theories

Question 26

they strongly influence our impressions of a person and imply the presence of other traits

Answer 26

Warm and cold traits

Question 27

concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character.

Answer 27

Moral

Question 28

third facet of social perception

Answer 28

morality

Question 29

individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.

Answer 29

primacy effect

Question 30

once people have formed an impression, they start to interpret inconsistent information in light of that impression.

Answer 30

Change-of-meaning hypothesis