Attitudes Towards Empire - The Role And Influence Of Individuals Flashcards
When did David Livingstone begin his travels in Africa?
As a missionary doctor in South Africa - 1841
When did Livingstone receive government funding to return to Africa?
1858
Where did Livingstone travel?
With the title of Consul for the East Coast of Africa, he explored along the Zanbezi river from whence his 2000 letters back to England thrilled public imagination.
When he disappeared he was used by the Victorian public is a martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire.
Who was John Kirk and what were his ambitions ?
He was a Scottish physician whose career embraced the spirit of adventure, science, Christian duty and desire for a respectable colonial position.
What did Kirk do in Africa?
Assisted Livingstone in his Zanzebi expedition, collected many aquatic specimens and sent them back to Britain.
Kirk returned in 1868 and lived out the rest of his career as a diplomat in Zanzibar.
Kirk ensured that Zanzibar operated as a British client state.
Therefore, how did John Kirk’s efforts in Africa benefit Britain?
He gave Britain a toe-hold on Africa’s east coast which was to grow into a British East Africa in 1895.
Who was Sir Richard Burton?
1821-90, Burton was a linguistic scholar, explorer and adventurer who had become famous in the 1850s based on his stories of Muslim life.
What works did Burton produce and what was his reputation?
43 volumes on his explorations, including 5 books on West Africa highlighting tribal rituals, marriage, death, fetishism, cannibalism, strange sexual practices.
He acquired a dangerous reputation for his daring essays on pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of women.
How did missionaries help to extend British rule in Africa?
They penetrated beyond colonial frontiers, establishing links with indigenous communities and seeking imperial protection. They helped in staking claims or consolidating territorial control.
What did female missionary, Mary Carpenter, do in India?
She travelled to India in 1866 to encourage education there, she encouraged both Indians and British colonial administrators to improve provisions of schools, hospitals and gaols and won finding to set up a training college for female teachers in 1868.
What did Cecil Rhodes own in South Africa?
The diamond mines, responsible for some 90% of global diamond production.
What Company did Rhodes establish, and when?
In 1889 he received a royal charter for his British South Africa Company. This allowed him to control a large area of land in the interior of Africa.
Rhodes now framed his imperial ambitions in moral terms which reflect something of the confidence and arrogance of the Victorian age.
What was the new name of the territory of Zambesia?
Rhodesia, 1895, named after its founder Cecil Rhodes.
What did Goldie’s efforts produce in Africa for the British?
Britain successfully asserted its right to proclaim a protectorate over both northern and southern Niger at the Berlin Conference.
The development of Northern Nigeria into a prosperous British protectorate.
Who was Evelyn Baring?
Earl of Cromer 1901, began his career as a colonial administrator in India.
What was Baring’s nickname?
Due to his high levels of efficiency mixed with his arrogant and rather patronising manner, he was dubbed ‘Over-Baring’.
What characteristics made Baring the ‘typical’ Victorian colonial administrator ?
Hard-working, fair and a believer in liberal reform, but also inflexible and wish a sense of a British superiority which made him condescending towards his inferiors - colleagues and natives alike.
Baring’s second posting was in Egypt, what did he do here?
1882, Consul-General.
Established an Egyptian puppet parliament with no power, and asserted the need for British supervision of reform in what was then a bankrupt country.
What was this Egyptian puppet parliament commonly referred as?
‘Veiled protectorate’ , whereby Baring ruled the rulers of Egypt.
How long did Baring remain in power in a Egypt?
Until his resignation in 1907.
How long did Baring remain the real ruler in Egypt?
Until his resignation in 1907.
Who was Bartle Frere?
He began his career in the Indian Civil Service .
His support in crushing the Indian Mutiny of 1857 won him a knighthood and a play on the Viceroy’s council at Calcutta.
His experience led to his appointment, in 1877, as High Commissioner and Governor of Cape Colony.
What did Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon, task Bartle Frere with doing?
Carrying out a planned confederation in the area, merging British South Africa with the Dutch Boer republic of the Transvaal.
What actions did Frere take to carry out this task.
He deliberately provoked a war with the Zulus who he considered an obstacle toward federation.
This war ended in British victory, but they suffered great causalities and embarrassment.
