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The British Empire > Attitudes to Empire - the role and influence of individuals > Flashcards

Attitudes to Empire - the role and influence of individuals Flashcards

Chapter 4 in Waller - NOT NEEDED FOR EXAM

1
Q

What four reasons did individuals leave Britain to explore overseas?

A
  1. Scientific
  2. Christian duty to ‘spread the word to the heathen’
  3. Wealth
  4. Power and status of imperial administrative roles
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2
Q

Who was David Livingstone and what attitudes did he influence?

A

A Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa.

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3
Q

When did Livingstone begin exploring South Africa and what was his role?

A

1841 as a missionary doctor

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4
Q

When did Livingstone return to Britain and where did he lecture about his findings in Africa?

A

1856-1857 and he lectured at Cambridge

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5
Q

What title did Livingstone get before he returned to Africa and when?

A

Consul for the East Coast of Africa in 1858

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6
Q

How many letters did Livingstone send back to Britain?

A

2,000

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7
Q

What did the British public see Livingstone as?

A

A martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire

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8
Q

Who was John Kirk and what was he appointed as?

A

A Scottish doctor who was appointed as Livingstone’s chief medical officer and economic botanist for Livingstone’s Zambezi expedition.

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9
Q

When did Kirk return to Africa and as what?

A

1868 as medical officer and Vice Consul in Zanzibar

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10
Q

Two reasons Zanzibar was of interest to Britain?

A
  1. Its clove and ivory exports

2. Home to East Africa’s first steam railway

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11
Q

How did Kirk influence Britain’s control within Zanzibar?

A

It gave Britain the foot in the door to control Africa’s east coast and ensured Zanzibar operated as a British client

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12
Q

Who was Sir Richard Burton?

A

A scholar and explorer

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13
Q

How many books about Burton’s travels did he write?

A

43, including 5 books on West Africa describing tribal rituals

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14
Q

Who was John Speke and what did he discover?

A

An explorer who discovered lake Victoria - which he presumed to be the origin of the Nile

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15
Q

Which three religious groups aimed to spread the Christian faith amongst non-Europeans?

A
  1. Anglicans
  2. Roman Catholics
  3. Methodists
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16
Q

What is often suggested about what the missionary movement represented?

A

That it represented a distinct form of cultural and Christian imperialism

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17
Q

How did missionaries help open up territories for British rule? (3 ways)

A
  1. They penetrated beyond colonial frontiers
  2. Established links with indigenous communities
  3. Sought imperial protection.
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18
Q

Who did missionaries share their strategic and geographical knowledge with?

A

Secular authorities such as the police, military and government

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19
Q

Which type of missionaries prepared the ground for British rule in Fiji and when?

A

Australian Methodist missionaries in 1874

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20
Q

Who put pressure on the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland?

A

John Mackenzie and he appointed a Deputy Commissioner

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21
Q

Two roles Methodist missionaries played in China?

A
  1. They set up a station at Fat-shan in 1860

2. A mission for Han-kau in North China in 1862

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22
Q

What role did missionaries have in India from the 1850s?

A

Missions rapidly expanded from the 1850s

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23
Q

Who was Mary Slessor and what did she fight for?

A

A Victorian mill girl who fought hard to end the local practice of killing twins and their mother - which tribes thought was the work of the devil

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24
Q

Who was Amy Carmichael and what did she do in India?

A

An Irish woman who worked for 55 years in India, writing 35 books about her experiences

25
Q

What did Mary Carpenter do?

A

Try to reform education, particularly for women

26
Q

What four things did missionaries do in exchange for expanding the reach of Christianity?

A
  1. Set up churches
  2. Social reforms
  3. Established compounds
  4. Provided housing and work
    All in exchange for people to adopt ‘the white man’s faith’
27
Q

Where could three mission conflicts arise between?

A
  1. The missions and indigenous people
  2. The missions and colonial rulers
  3. One mission and another
28
Q

What clash happened in the 1880s?

A

The Anglican Church Missionary Society clashed with the first Anglican-African bishop in the Niger region

29
Q

A negative of the impact of missionaries?

A

They could often delay annexation, colonisation and challenged imperial authority

30
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

An explorer who pioneered the expansion and exploration into South Africa

31
Q

How much of global diamond production did Rhodes own?

A

90%

32
Q

Where did Rhodes initially begin diamond mining?

A

The diamond fields of Kimberley

33
Q

What company did Rhodes create in 1888?

A

The De Beers Consolidated Mines

34
Q

What South Africa Company did Rhodes create, what recognition did it get from British royalty and when?

A

The British South Africa Company which received a royal charter in 1889

35
Q

What years was Rhodes PM of the Cape?

A

1890-1896

36
Q

What large area of land did Rhodes control?

A

South Zambesia which was named to Rhodesia in 1895

37
Q

What did Rhodes write about in his Confession of Faith?

A

That whites were the finest race in the world and the more they inhabit, the better it is for the human race

38
Q

Who was Sir William Mackinnon?

A

A self-made Scottish ship-owner and businessman who built up substantial commercial interests.

39
Q

Which of Mackinnon’s companies received a charter in 1888?

A

His Imperial British East Africa Company which established influence in the area

40
Q

What missionary church did Mackinnon find and when?

A

The Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission in Kenya in 1891

41
Q

Who was George Goldie and what did he do?

A

A British colonial administrator who established British rule on the Niger River through his influence within the palm oil industry

42
Q

What two things could palm oil be used as?

A

An industrial lubricant

Main constituent in candles and soap

43
Q

What company did Goldie find in 1876?

A

The Central African Trading Company

44
Q

What was the name of Goldie’s company which was a merger of all British trading firms on the Niger, when was it founded and how many trading posts did it control?

A

The United African Company founded in 1879 and controlled 30 trading posts.

45
Q

What other commodity did Goldie trade in that ended up exceeding palm oil in value?

A

Palm kernel exports as they could make margarine

46
Q

What two other plantations did Goldie establish?

A

Cocoa

Coffee

47
Q

How many local treaty arrangements had Goldie’s agents secured?

A

450 which transferred territory and jurisdiction to the United African Company

48
Q

In return for 450 local treaty arrangements, what five things did Goldie promise?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Compensation and an annual subsidy
  3. Weapons
  4. Ammunition
  5. Alcohol
49
Q

Because of Goldie’s efforts, what did Britain successfully do at the Berlin conference?

A

Asserted its right to proclaim a protectorate over northern and southern Niger

50
Q

When was the Berlin conference?

A

1884-85

51
Q

When did Goldie’s company receive a charter and what did it become?

A

1886 and it became the Royal Niger Company

52
Q

Three powerful colonial administrators?

A

William Mckinnon
Cecil Rhodes
George Goldie

53
Q

Who was Sir Evelyn Baring and what did he begin as?

A

A professional administrator who began as a private secretary to the Viceroy of India between 1872-1876

54
Q

What was Baring’s manner like and what was his nickname?

A

He was arrogant and patronising leading his colleagues to call him ‘over-baring’

55
Q

When was Baring sent to Egypt for the second time and as what?

A

1882 as Consul-General

56
Q

What did Baring approve of in Egypt and when?

A

The Dufferin Report - 1883

57
Q

What was the Dufferin Report?

A

It established an Egyptian puppet parliament with no power and asserted the needs for British supervision for reforms

58
Q

What two things did the Dufferin Report establish?

A
  1. A veiled protectorate that saw Baring ruling the rulers of Egypt
  2. English administrators trained in India were key advisers to the Egyptian government.
59
Q

When did Baring resign as ruler of Egypt?

A

1907

The British Empire (6 decks)

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