Attitudes to Empire - the role and influence of individuals Flashcards
Chapter 4 in Waller - NOT NEEDED FOR EXAM
What four reasons did individuals leave Britain to explore overseas?
- Scientific
- Christian duty to ‘spread the word to the heathen’
- Wealth
- Power and status of imperial administrative roles
Who was David Livingstone and what attitudes did he influence?
A Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa.
When did Livingstone begin exploring South Africa and what was his role?
1841 as a missionary doctor
When did Livingstone return to Britain and where did he lecture about his findings in Africa?
1856-1857 and he lectured at Cambridge
What title did Livingstone get before he returned to Africa and when?
Consul for the East Coast of Africa in 1858
How many letters did Livingstone send back to Britain?
2,000
What did the British public see Livingstone as?
A martyr who sacrificed his life for Africa and the Empire
Who was John Kirk and what was he appointed as?
A Scottish doctor who was appointed as Livingstone’s chief medical officer and economic botanist for Livingstone’s Zambezi expedition.
When did Kirk return to Africa and as what?
1868 as medical officer and Vice Consul in Zanzibar
Two reasons Zanzibar was of interest to Britain?
- Its clove and ivory exports
2. Home to East Africa’s first steam railway
How did Kirk influence Britain’s control within Zanzibar?
It gave Britain the foot in the door to control Africa’s east coast and ensured Zanzibar operated as a British client
Who was Sir Richard Burton?
A scholar and explorer
How many books about Burton’s travels did he write?
43, including 5 books on West Africa describing tribal rituals
Who was John Speke and what did he discover?
An explorer who discovered lake Victoria - which he presumed to be the origin of the Nile
Which three religious groups aimed to spread the Christian faith amongst non-Europeans?
- Anglicans
- Roman Catholics
- Methodists
What is often suggested about what the missionary movement represented?
That it represented a distinct form of cultural and Christian imperialism
How did missionaries help open up territories for British rule? (3 ways)
- They penetrated beyond colonial frontiers
- Established links with indigenous communities
- Sought imperial protection.
Who did missionaries share their strategic and geographical knowledge with?
Secular authorities such as the police, military and government
Which type of missionaries prepared the ground for British rule in Fiji and when?
Australian Methodist missionaries in 1874
Who put pressure on the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland?
John Mackenzie and he appointed a Deputy Commissioner
Two roles Methodist missionaries played in China?
- They set up a station at Fat-shan in 1860
2. A mission for Han-kau in North China in 1862
What role did missionaries have in India from the 1850s?
Missions rapidly expanded from the 1850s
Who was Mary Slessor and what did she fight for?
A Victorian mill girl who fought hard to end the local practice of killing twins and their mother - which tribes thought was the work of the devil
Who was Amy Carmichael and what did she do in India?
An Irish woman who worked for 55 years in India, writing 35 books about her experiences
What did Mary Carpenter do?
Try to reform education, particularly for women
What four things did missionaries do in exchange for expanding the reach of Christianity?
- Set up churches
- Social reforms
- Established compounds
- Provided housing and work
All in exchange for people to adopt ‘the white man’s faith’
Where could three mission conflicts arise between?
- The missions and indigenous people
- The missions and colonial rulers
- One mission and another
What clash happened in the 1880s?
The Anglican Church Missionary Society clashed with the first Anglican-African bishop in the Niger region
A negative of the impact of missionaries?
They could often delay annexation, colonisation and challenged imperial authority
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
An explorer who pioneered the expansion and exploration into South Africa
How much of global diamond production did Rhodes own?
90%
Where did Rhodes initially begin diamond mining?
The diamond fields of Kimberley
What company did Rhodes create in 1888?
The De Beers Consolidated Mines
What South Africa Company did Rhodes create, what recognition did it get from British royalty and when?
The British South Africa Company which received a royal charter in 1889
What years was Rhodes PM of the Cape?
1890-1896
What large area of land did Rhodes control?
South Zambesia which was named to Rhodesia in 1895
What did Rhodes write about in his Confession of Faith?
That whites were the finest race in the world and the more they inhabit, the better it is for the human race
Who was Sir William Mackinnon?
A self-made Scottish ship-owner and businessman who built up substantial commercial interests.
Which of Mackinnon’s companies received a charter in 1888?
His Imperial British East Africa Company which established influence in the area
What missionary church did Mackinnon find and when?
The Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission in Kenya in 1891
Who was George Goldie and what did he do?
A British colonial administrator who established British rule on the Niger River through his influence within the palm oil industry
What two things could palm oil be used as?
An industrial lubricant
Main constituent in candles and soap
What company did Goldie find in 1876?
The Central African Trading Company
What was the name of Goldie’s company which was a merger of all British trading firms on the Niger, when was it founded and how many trading posts did it control?
The United African Company founded in 1879 and controlled 30 trading posts.
What other commodity did Goldie trade in that ended up exceeding palm oil in value?
Palm kernel exports as they could make margarine
What two other plantations did Goldie establish?
Cocoa
Coffee
How many local treaty arrangements had Goldie’s agents secured?
450 which transferred territory and jurisdiction to the United African Company
In return for 450 local treaty arrangements, what five things did Goldie promise?
- Protection
- Compensation and an annual subsidy
- Weapons
- Ammunition
- Alcohol
Because of Goldie’s efforts, what did Britain successfully do at the Berlin conference?
Asserted its right to proclaim a protectorate over northern and southern Niger
When was the Berlin conference?
1884-85
When did Goldie’s company receive a charter and what did it become?
1886 and it became the Royal Niger Company
Three powerful colonial administrators?
William Mckinnon
Cecil Rhodes
George Goldie
Who was Sir Evelyn Baring and what did he begin as?
A professional administrator who began as a private secretary to the Viceroy of India between 1872-1876
What was Baring’s manner like and what was his nickname?
He was arrogant and patronising leading his colleagues to call him ‘over-baring’
When was Baring sent to Egypt for the second time and as what?
1882 as Consul-General
What did Baring approve of in Egypt and when?
The Dufferin Report - 1883
What was the Dufferin Report?
It established an Egyptian puppet parliament with no power and asserted the needs for British supervision for reforms
What two things did the Dufferin Report establish?
- A veiled protectorate that saw Baring ruling the rulers of Egypt
- English administrators trained in India were key advisers to the Egyptian government.
When did Baring resign as ruler of Egypt?
1907
