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British Empire (1947-67) > Attitudes to Empire (including Commonwealth and Migration) > Flashcards

Attitudes to Empire (including Commonwealth and Migration) Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the Commonwealth have its origins?

A

In the Statute of Westminster and Balfour Definition

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2
Q

British was dropped from the title (British Commonwealth of Nations)

A

1965

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3
Q

Nehru declared India a republic

A

April 1949

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4
Q

Crown was redefined so that the Commonwealth could include republics

A

1949 (after India became a republic)

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5
Q

Burma refused to join the Commonwealth

A

1948

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6
Q

Ireland was excluded from the Commonwealth for refusing to accept British sovereignty

A

1949

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7
Q

South Africa left the Commonwealth

A

1961

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8
Q

Queen’s involvement in the Commonwealth

A

Symbolic head
Regularly toured the Commonwealth
Had meetings with Commonwealth heads
Christmas Day Broadcast

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9
Q

First Commonwealth Secretary General appointed

A

1965

Coordinated Commonwealth activities

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10
Q

How did the British army maintain its global reach?

A

Recruited from across the Commonwealth

Retained a remnant of the Old Indian Army in the brigade of the Gurkas

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11
Q

Why did AUZ and NZ PMs support the British over Suez?

A

Simply out of Commonwealth solidarity and loyalty to Britain rather than actual agreement

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12
Q

Conflict with Singapore - tried to tell the UK PM how to negotiate an arms deal with SA

A

1971

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13
Q

Development of other international groups

A

UN, NATO and EEC

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14
Q

How did Smith’s UDI impact the solidity of the Commonwealth?

A

Huge criticism from Commonwealth towards the British for failing to stop him
Commonwealth called for military intervention, but Wilson had already stated he would not use force
Shared patriotic ideals began to crumble

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15
Q

Emigration from Britain to the dominions post WWII

A

1946-57, 1 million people

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16
Q

Survey on percentage of people in contact with relations in the dominions

A

1948 survey

25% of the population = still in contact with relatives in the dominions

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17
Q

National Service

A

1939-60 - meant that some young British men were involved in colonial wars

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18
Q

Improved livings standards meant that fewer people emigrated in the…

A

1950s

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19
Q

By X, direct personal experience of Empire was rare amongst the British population

A

1960s

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20
Q

British Nationality Act

A

1948 - gave the right to apply for British citizenship to every inhabitant of the Empire and Commonwealth

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21
Q

Empire Windrush

A

June 1948 - the boat arrived from Jamaica

492 passengers

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22
Q

Most migrants during the 1950s came from…

A

The Caribbean

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23
Q

Number of immigrants from West Indies per year

A

By 1959, 16,000 immigrants from West Indies per year

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24
Q

Most migrants during the 1960s came from…

A

India and Pakistan

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25
Migrants from Kenya flooded into Britain in 1967 because...
Kenyatta pressured Asian Kenyans (who/whose ancestors originally arrived as indentured labourers to work on the Lunatic Line) to leave
26
Number of immigrants in UK in 1958
210,000
27
Number of Indians and Pakistanis living in Britain in 1958
55,000
28
Number of Cypriots who fled the war and came to Britain in 1959
25,000
29
Spread of immigrants across the UK
``` Nearly half in London 25,000 in and around Birmingham 8000 Manchester 6000 Liverpool 6000 Leeds ```
30
British government recruitment drives were especially keen to get people working in...
NHS and public transport
31
Rising unemployment towards the end of the 1950s
1/2 million unemployed
32
Oswald Mosley’s inflammatory leaflets
‘Stop Coloured Immigration’
33
Race Riots
1958 - gangs of Teddy boys roamed the streets attacking black people Riots in Nottingham and Notting Hill
34
Specific race riot in Notting Hill
September 1958, 400 whites commit two all-night attacks on black people and their businesses
35
Birmingham Immigration Control Association
1960 | Lobbied politicians to curb immigration
36
More immigrants arrived in Britain from X-Y than in the whole of the preceding 60 years
1960-62
37
Commonwealth Immigrants Act
1962 | Reversed the British Nationality Act
38
In the year following the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, only X people received permits
34,500
39
Percentage support for the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in polls
70%
40
Rivers of Blood Speech
Enoch Powell | April 1968
41
Conservative candidate campaign slogan in 1964 general election
‘If you want a n-word for a neighbour, vote Labour’ | In Smethwick - highest concentration of immigrants in England
42
Race Relations Act
1965 - banned racial discrimination in public places
43
Percentage of Race Relations Board cases dropped for insufficient evidence
75% were dropped in its first year (i.e. nice idea but not effective)
44
Notting Hill Carnival
Est 1966 by West Indians | Good example of cultural interchange and acceptance
45
Examples of TV dramas which began to feature black people
Emergency Ward 10 | Z Cars
46
Till Death Do Us Part
1965 | Extremely popular and racist TV series
47
Black and White Minstrels’ show
1958-1970s | Again racist and popular show
48
Lance Percival - racist record
1967 - Maharajah of Brum
49
Survey in North London on race themes
1965 20% objected to working with black people/Asians 50% would refuse to live next door to a black person 90% disapproved of mixed race marriage
50
Electorate continued to support the Conservative Party, winning elections in...
1951, 1955 and 1959 | 1955 and 1959 - Conservatives won 49% of the popular vote, winning a comfortable victory
51
Early Commonwealth Conferences
1950s, led by Churchill | Dominated by Britain
52
Commonwealth Games
Every four years this ensured everyone was reminded of Britain’s imperial past and their current world-wide links
53
Last Night of the Proms
From 1954 onwards, the second half of the evening comprised of patriotic music (harking back to a music hall tradition)
54
Imperial Honours
Received different versions of an Order of the British Empire These titles still persist today
55
North West Frontier (film)
1959 - suggested the British had been required in India to preserve order
56
Guns at Batasi (film)
1964 - presented the British as instrumental in controlling internal divisions in colonies
57
Example of British people hearing directly from nationalist leaders
Dr Hastings Banda was flown from Nyasaland to London for an interview
58
Lawrence James on the impact of TV on public attitudes towards Empire
‘For the first time in the history of Empire, the British public were brought face to face with its realities’
59
Private Eye
Est 1961 - growth of political satire
60
That Was The Week, That Was
1962-63 - growth of political satire
61
The Who
Wore Union Jacks and red British army jackets mockingly - symbols of Empire/Britishness were being undermined and questioned
62
Look Back in Anger
John Osborne | First performed 1956
63
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning
Alan Sillitoe First performed 1958 Film in 1960
64
Lawrence of Arabia (book)
1955 - exposed him as a fraud who had lied to the Arabs
65
Responses to Lawrence of Arabia the book
Widely criticised - suggests that people were unwilling to let this icon of Empire go
66
‘Angry Young Men’ of the post-WWII era
Discontent with the status quo amongst the working classes was indicative of shifting values and a rejection of Empire and the old order
67
Lawrence of Arabia (film)
1962 - critical of his conduct
68
Responses to Lawrence of Arabia the film
Very well-received, suggesting a shift in attitudes towards the men of Empire
69
Zulu (film)
1964 - tone of the film was not triumphalist - it celebrated the grit of ordinary men rather than promoting imperial themes
70
The Royal Hunt of the Sun (film)
1964 - depicted the Spanish destroying the Inca civilisation, told from the perspective of the Incans, Empire was no longer being presented as a civilising force
71
New comic for boys
Eagle (1950-69) - had no glimmer of imperial themes and writers were told to include ethnic minorities in their stories
72
When and why did Salisbury resign?
March 1957 - in protest, when a Cypriot nationalist leader was allowed to return to Cyprus (but no one cared and the party remained strong)
73
Empire Day was abolished
1962
74
Fraction of the population who did not know the difference between a dominion and a colony
1948 - 3/4 people
75
Fraction of the population who could not name a single British colony
1948 - 1/2 people

British Empire (1947-67) (10 decks)

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