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British Empire (1947-67) > Attitudes to Empire (including Commonwealth and Migration) > Flashcards

Attitudes to Empire (including Commonwealth and Migration) Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the Commonwealth have its origins?

A

In the Statute of Westminster and Balfour Definition

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2
Q

British was dropped from the title (British Commonwealth of Nations)

A

1965

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3
Q

Nehru declared India a republic

A

April 1949

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4
Q

Crown was redefined so that the Commonwealth could include republics

A

1949 (after India became a republic)

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5
Q

Burma refused to join the Commonwealth

A

1948

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6
Q

Ireland was excluded from the Commonwealth for refusing to accept British sovereignty

A

1949

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7
Q

South Africa left the Commonwealth

A

1961

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8
Q

Queen’s involvement in the Commonwealth

A

Symbolic head
Regularly toured the Commonwealth
Had meetings with Commonwealth heads
Christmas Day Broadcast

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9
Q

First Commonwealth Secretary General appointed

A

1965

Coordinated Commonwealth activities

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10
Q

How did the British army maintain its global reach?

A

Recruited from across the Commonwealth

Retained a remnant of the Old Indian Army in the brigade of the Gurkas

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11
Q

Why did AUZ and NZ PMs support the British over Suez?

A

Simply out of Commonwealth solidarity and loyalty to Britain rather than actual agreement

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12
Q

Conflict with Singapore - tried to tell the UK PM how to negotiate an arms deal with SA

A

1971

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13
Q

Development of other international groups

A

UN, NATO and EEC

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14
Q

How did Smith’s UDI impact the solidity of the Commonwealth?

A

Huge criticism from Commonwealth towards the British for failing to stop him
Commonwealth called for military intervention, but Wilson had already stated he would not use force
Shared patriotic ideals began to crumble

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15
Q

Emigration from Britain to the dominions post WWII

A

1946-57, 1 million people

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16
Q

Survey on percentage of people in contact with relations in the dominions

A

1948 survey

25% of the population = still in contact with relatives in the dominions

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17
Q

National Service

A

1939-60 - meant that some young British men were involved in colonial wars

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18
Q

Improved livings standards meant that fewer people emigrated in the…

A

1950s

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19
Q

By X, direct personal experience of Empire was rare amongst the British population

A

1960s

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20
Q

British Nationality Act

A

1948 - gave the right to apply for British citizenship to every inhabitant of the Empire and Commonwealth

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21
Q

Empire Windrush

A

June 1948 - the boat arrived from Jamaica

492 passengers

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22
Q

Most migrants during the 1950s came from…

A

The Caribbean

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23
Q

Number of immigrants from West Indies per year

A

By 1959, 16,000 immigrants from West Indies per year

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24
Q

Most migrants during the 1960s came from…

A

India and Pakistan

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25
Q

Migrants from Kenya flooded into Britain in 1967 because…

A

Kenyatta pressured Asian Kenyans (who/whose ancestors originally arrived as indentured labourers to work on the Lunatic Line) to leave

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26
Q

Number of immigrants in UK in 1958

A

210,000

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27
Q

Number of Indians and Pakistanis living in Britain in 1958

A

55,000

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28
Q

Number of Cypriots who fled the war and came to Britain in 1959

A

25,000

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29
Q

Spread of immigrants across the UK

A 
Nearly half in London 
25,000 in and around Birmingham 
8000 Manchester 
6000 Liverpool 
6000 Leeds
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30
Q

British government recruitment drives were especially keen to get people working in…

A

NHS and public transport

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31
Q

Rising unemployment towards the end of the 1950s

A

1/2 million unemployed

32
Q

Oswald Mosley’s inflammatory leaflets

A

‘Stop Coloured Immigration’

33
Q

Race Riots

A

1958 - gangs of Teddy boys roamed the streets attacking black people
Riots in Nottingham and Notting Hill

34
Q

Specific race riot in Notting Hill

A

September 1958, 400 whites commit two all-night attacks on black people and their businesses

35
Q

Birmingham Immigration Control Association

A

1960

Lobbied politicians to curb immigration

36
Q

More immigrants arrived in Britain from X-Y than in the whole of the preceding 60 years

A

1960-62

37
Q

Commonwealth Immigrants Act

A

1962

Reversed the British Nationality Act

38
Q

In the year following the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, only X people received permits

A

34,500

39
Q

Percentage support for the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in polls

A

70%

40
Q

Rivers of Blood Speech

A

Enoch Powell

April 1968

41
Q

Conservative candidate campaign slogan in 1964 general election

A

‘If you want a n-word for a neighbour, vote Labour’

In Smethwick - highest concentration of immigrants in England

42
Q

Race Relations Act

A

1965 - banned racial discrimination in public places

43
Q

Percentage of Race Relations Board cases dropped for insufficient evidence

A

75% were dropped in its first year (i.e. nice idea but not effective)

44
Q

Notting Hill Carnival

A

Est 1966 by West Indians

Good example of cultural interchange and acceptance

45
Q

Examples of TV dramas which began to feature black people

A

Emergency Ward 10

Z Cars

46
Q

Till Death Do Us Part

A

1965

Extremely popular and racist TV series

47
Q

Black and White Minstrels’ show

A

1958-1970s

Again racist and popular show

48
Q

Lance Percival - racist record

A

1967 - Maharajah of Brum

49
Q

Survey in North London on race themes

A

1965
20% objected to working with black people/Asians
50% would refuse to live next door to a black person
90% disapproved of mixed race marriage

50
Q

Electorate continued to support the Conservative Party, winning elections in…

A

1951, 1955 and 1959

1955 and 1959 - Conservatives won 49% of the popular vote, winning a comfortable victory

51
Q

Early Commonwealth Conferences

A

1950s, led by Churchill

Dominated by Britain

52
Q

Commonwealth Games

A

Every four years this ensured everyone was reminded of Britain’s imperial past and their current world-wide links

53
Q

Last Night of the Proms

A

From 1954 onwards, the second half of the evening comprised of patriotic music (harking back to a music hall tradition)

54
Q

Imperial Honours

A

Received different versions of an Order of the British Empire
These titles still persist today

55
Q

North West Frontier (film)

A

1959 - suggested the British had been required in India to preserve order

56
Q

Guns at Batasi (film)

A

1964 - presented the British as instrumental in controlling internal divisions in colonies

57
Q

Example of British people hearing directly from nationalist leaders

A

Dr Hastings Banda was flown from Nyasaland to London for an interview

58
Q

Lawrence James on the impact of TV on public attitudes towards Empire

A

‘For the first time in the history of Empire, the British public were brought face to face with its realities’

59
Q

Private Eye

A

Est 1961 - growth of political satire

60
Q

That Was The Week, That Was

A

1962-63 - growth of political satire

61
Q

The Who

A

Wore Union Jacks and red British army jackets mockingly - symbols of Empire/Britishness were being undermined and questioned

62
Q

Look Back in Anger

A

John Osborne

First performed 1956

63
Q

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning

A

Alan Sillitoe
First performed 1958
Film in 1960

64
Q

Lawrence of Arabia (book)

A

1955 - exposed him as a fraud who had lied to the Arabs

65
Q

Responses to Lawrence of Arabia the book

A

Widely criticised - suggests that people were unwilling to let this icon of Empire go

66
Q

‘Angry Young Men’ of the post-WWII era

A

Discontent with the status quo amongst the working classes was indicative of shifting values and a rejection of Empire and the old order

67
Q

Lawrence of Arabia (film)

A

1962 - critical of his conduct

68
Q

Responses to Lawrence of Arabia the film

A

Very well-received, suggesting a shift in attitudes towards the men of Empire

69
Q

Zulu (film)

A

1964 - tone of the film was not triumphalist - it celebrated the grit of ordinary men rather than promoting imperial themes

70
Q

The Royal Hunt of the Sun (film)

A

1964 - depicted the Spanish destroying the Inca civilisation, told from the perspective of the Incans, Empire was no longer being presented as a civilising force

71
Q

New comic for boys

A

Eagle (1950-69) - had no glimmer of imperial themes and writers were told to include ethnic minorities in their stories

72
Q

When and why did Salisbury resign?

A

March 1957 - in protest, when a Cypriot nationalist leader was allowed to return to Cyprus (but no one cared and the party remained strong)

73
Q

Empire Day was abolished

A

1962

74
Q

Fraction of the population who did not know the difference between a dominion and a colony

A

1948 - 3/4 people

75
Q

Fraction of the population who could not name a single British colony

A

1948 - 1/2 people

British Empire (1947-67) (10 decks)

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