Attitudes and Behaviour Change

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

• Is the process of developing a response to a neutral stimulus that turns into a conditioned stimulus

Question 2

Extinction

Answer 2

• Is the process by which a conditioned responses disappears, and is no longer elicited by the conditioned stimuli.

Question 3

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 3

• Is the spontaneous recurrence of a conditioned response that has already undergone extinction

Question 4

Generalization

Answer 4

• Is the process in which multiple stimuli elicit the same response
• Responding to stimulus that resembles another conditioned stimulus

Question 5

Stimulus and Response

Answer 5

• Is anything that triggers a response
• If that stimulus is perceived and changes an observable action in the individual, some behavioural response, then we can say that learning has occurred.

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 6

• Conducted his famous experiments with dogs, bells and salivation
• He showed that we can learn through classical conditioning

Question 7

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 7

• Conducted his famous experiments with dogs, bells and salivation
• He showed that we can learn through classical conditioning
• In these experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to associate a neutral stimulus like the sound of a bell ringing, with the unconditioned stimulus, the food at feeding time.
• The dogs would already salivate unconditionally at food, and pavlov introduced the sound of the bell at the same time.
• Eventually the dogs began to associate the bell with food, and ultimately, the conditioned stimulus of the bell, could trigger salvia production, a conditioned response even in the absence of food.

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

• Associating a neutral stimulus to an involuntary response
• An unconditioned stimulus is something that provokes an innate, instinctual response, without effort.
• A neutral stimulus, causes no response relates to the unconditioned pair
• A conditioned stimulus should always be the formed neutral stimulus when associated with unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response
  
  • This happens in the acquisition stage

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

The ability to discern between similar stimuli

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

The fading of a conditioned stimulus, where the established connection between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus fades

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

Occurs after a relationship between conditioned stimuli and response is over.

Question 12

Positive Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 12

• Encouraging a behaviour is reinforcement.
• Adding a stimulus, makes it positive. This doesn’t have to be objectively good or pleasurable, it just means adding something.

Question 13

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 13

• Still encouraging a behaviour, but removing something instead
  
  • Can be encouraging a child to eat vegetables by telling them they won’t have to clean up after dinner if they do so.

Question 14

Positive Punishment

Answer 14

• Adding something as a consequence of another action
• Example, when a child is not listening, parents are ADDING their yelling as a punishment.

Question 15

Negative Punishment

Answer 15

• Removing something as a punishment
• Example, parents remove child’s phone for not doing homework

Question 16

Escaping

Answer 16

• Any response designed to move away from or eliminate an already present aversive stimulus.

Question 17

Avoiding

Answer 17

• Occurs when a subject learns behaviour preventing the occurence of an aversive stimulus.

Question 18

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 18

1. Fixed Ratio
2. Fixed interval
3. Variable Ratio
4. Variable interval

Question 19

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 19

• a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.

Question 20

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 20

• those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Question 21

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 21

• when the reinforcement is provided after a random (unpredictable) amount of time has passes and following a specific behavior being performed.

Question 22

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 22

• a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 23

Latent Learning

Answer 23

• Learning that reveals itself once a reward is provided, even is the true subconscious learning happens without any reward

Question 24

Problem Solving

Answer 24

• Applying knowledge after latent learning

Question 25

Biological Process

Answer 25

* Example, rewarding birds with food after a peaking behaviour works well for learning some tasks.

Question 26

Instinct drift

Answer 26

* The tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviours. * For example, a dog who does not bark when people come home starts barking at new people, as he may think that those are intruders.

Question 27

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