Attitudes and Behaviour Change Flashcards
1
Q
Acquisition
A
- Is the process of developing a response to a neutral stimulus that turns into a conditioned stimulus
2
Q
Extinction
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- Is the process by which a conditioned responses disappears, and is no longer elicited by the conditioned stimuli.
3
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
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- Is the spontaneous recurrence of a conditioned response that has already undergone extinction
4
Q
Generalization
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- Is the process in which multiple stimuli elicit the same response
- Responding to stimulus that resembles another conditioned stimulus
5
Q
Stimulus and Response
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- Is anything that triggers a response
- If that stimulus is perceived and changes an observable action in the individual, some behavioural response, then we can say that learning has occurred.
6
Q
Ivan Pavlov
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- Conducted his famous experiments with dogs, bells and salivation
- He showed that we can learn through classical conditioning
7
Q
Ivan Pavlov
A
- Conducted his famous experiments with dogs, bells and salivation
- He showed that we can learn through classical conditioning
- In these experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to associate a neutral stimulus like the sound of a bell ringing, with the unconditioned stimulus, the food at feeding time.
- The dogs would already salivate unconditionally at food, and pavlov introduced the sound of the bell at the same time.
- Eventually the dogs began to associate the bell with food, and ultimately, the conditioned stimulus of the bell, could trigger salvia production, a conditioned response even in the absence of food.
8
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- Associating a neutral stimulus to an involuntary response
- An unconditioned stimulus is something that provokes an innate, instinctual response, without effort.
- A neutral stimulus, causes no response relates to the unconditioned pair
- A conditioned stimulus should always be the formed neutral stimulus when associated with unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response
- This happens in the acquisition stage
9
Q
Discrimination
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The ability to discern between similar stimuli
10
Q
Extinction
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The fading of a conditioned stimulus, where the established connection between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus fades
11
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
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Occurs after a relationship between conditioned stimuli and response is over.
12
Q
Positive Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)
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- Encouraging a behaviour is reinforcement.
- Adding a stimulus, makes it positive. This doesn’t have to be objectively good or pleasurable, it just means adding something.
13
Q
Negative Reinforcement
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- Still encouraging a behaviour, but removing something instead
- Can be encouraging a child to eat vegetables by telling them they won’t have to clean up after dinner if they do so.
14
Q
Positive Punishment
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- Adding something as a consequence of another action
- Example, when a child is not listening, parents are ADDING their yelling as a punishment.
15
Q
Negative Punishment
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- Removing something as a punishment
- Example, parents remove child’s phone for not doing homework
16
Q
Escaping
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- Any response designed to move away from or eliminate an already present aversive stimulus.
17
Q
Avoiding
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- Occurs when a subject learns behaviour preventing the occurence of an aversive stimulus.
18
Q
Reinforcement Schedule
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- Fixed Ratio
- Fixed interval
- Variable Ratio
- Variable interval
19
Q
Fixed Ratio Schedule
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- a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
20
Q
Fixed Interval Schedule
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- those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
21
Q
Variable Interval Schedule
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- when the reinforcement is provided after a random (unpredictable) amount of time has passes and following a specific behavior being performed.
22
Q
Variable Ratio Schedule
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- a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
23
Q
Latent Learning
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- Learning that reveals itself once a reward is provided, even is the true subconscious learning happens without any reward
24
Q
Problem Solving
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- Applying knowledge after latent learning
25
Q
Biological Process
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- Example, rewarding birds with food after a peaking behaviour works well for learning some tasks.
26
Q
Instinct drift
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- The tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviours.
- For example, a dog who does not bark when people come home starts barking at new people, as he may think that those are intruders.
27
Q
b
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