Attitudes and Behavior Change

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

when repeated exposure to the same stimulus causes a decrease in response

Question 2

dishabituation

Answer 2

the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred. can occur when a second stimulus is presented and interrupts the habituation process

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses between two unrelated stimuli. (ivan pavlov)

Question 4

neutral stimuli

Answer 4

in classical conditioning, stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

in classical conditioning, a normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response (or conditioned response)

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, any stimulus that brings about or elicits a natural response

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, a response that occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 8

unconditioned response

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, an innate or reflexive response

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

if presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism becomes habituated to the conditioned stimulus and the behavior stops occurring (classical conditioning)

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

occurs when an extinct conditioned response reoccurs after some time

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus also produces the conditioned response

Question 12

discrimination (classical conditioning)

Answer 12

when an organism learns to distinguish between two different similar stimuli

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in order to alter the frequency of those behaviors (b.f. skinner)

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

increases the likelihood of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive for that behavior

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing a negative stimulus

Question 16

primary reinforcer

Answer 16

a reinforcer that elicits a natural response

Question 17

conditional reinforcer

Answer 17

a reinforcer that only elicits a response after being paired with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning

Question 18

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 18

reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

Question 19

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 19

reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behavior. works the fastest of all reinforcement schedules and is most resistant to extinction.

Question 20

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 20

reinforces the the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

Question 21

variable interval schedule

Answer 21

reinforces a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time