Attitudes

Question 1

What is an attitude object

Answer 1

• the focus of individuals attitude - this object may be training, people, events , ideas or specific objects
• positive attitude doesn’t also lead to positive patterns

Question 2

Triadic Model

Answer 2

1) Cognitive
- reflects our beliefs what we have heard from parents, friends, PE lessons

2) Affective
- our emotional response it feelings towards specific situations
- enjoy it and swim with friends

3) Behavioural
- behavioural towards attitude/ object based on the evaluation of the above two
- positive experience- regular participation

Question 3

Formation Of Attitudes

Answer 3

• in order to develop positive attitudes we must understand how attitudes are formed
• positive environment can also break down stereotyped opinions which may restrict participation and lead to discrimination and prejudice
• most attitudes are develop through learning either social learning ( watching others ) or operant conditioning ( positive reinforcement )
• others influences may include parents, family, peer groups, teachers, coaches, role models

Question 4

Areas where weight develop negative attitudes

Answer 4

1) negative xp
2) fear of failure
3) negative role models
4) high task difficulty
5) low self confidence
6) lack of support
7) low status activity
8) stereotypical images

Question 5

Measuring attitude

Answer 5

• they help understand athletes beliefs and emotions
• strategies can be implemented
• there are direct and indirect methods to measure a persons attitude- interviews and self report questionnaires

Question 6

Thurston scale

Answer 6

• statements covering a range of opinions towards as attitude object
• 11 point response scale

Limitation

1) time consuming
2) needs large numbers of experts
3) average value means extreme attitudes hidden

Question 7

Likert scale

Answer 7

• simplified version of the thurston scale
• most frequently used by attitude scale
• 5 point response scale

Advantages

• allows for a range of answers
• easy to administer
• cheap and easier to construct
• relieved results

Question 8

Osgood’s S D scale

Answer 8

• 7 point rating scale- athletes select a point that best represents there feeling

Advantage
- quick and simple

Question 9

Limitation to attitude scales

Answer 9

1) individuals not responding truthfully
2) people providing socially acceptable answers
3) misunderstanding questions
4) attitudes may be difficult to express
5) wording of then statement may lead to respondents answering in a certain manner

Question 10

Persuasive Communication- 4 factors to be effective

Answer 10

1) status of the person delivering new idea- significant other / seen as expert
2) quality of the message- clear
3) strength of current attitude and resistance to change
4) situation or context in which message is delivered

Question 11

Common underlying factors

Answer 11

1) can be positive or negative
2) generally stable and enduring
3) they are focused to a particular situation
4) attitudes are evaluative, subjective or beliefs

Question 12

Using one named psychological theory, outline how the negative attitude of an
individual or of a team can be changed. (4 marks)

Answer 12

A. Persuasive communication

B. Status of messenger/person delivering information/significant other

C. Quality of message/new information

D. Situation/time when message is given

E. Individual’s resistance to change

F. Cognitive dissonance

G. Attempts to create conflict in thoughts/beliefs/alter one part of Triadic Model/psychological discomfort

H. Cognitive – give new information/education

I. Affective – create new emotions/enjoyment/fun/feeling of safety

J. Behavioural – give success/reinforcement

Question 13

9) Name and explain the components of attitudes, giving an example of how a tennis player would display a positive attitude. (3)

Answer 13

1) Cognitive – believe / think they are training and playing a correct manner
2) Affective – Positive feelings/ emotions / enjoyment
3) Behavioural – Actions of the players / train regularly.

Question 14

Elite performers usually have a positive attitude towards training. If this were not the case, briefly outline how attitudes to training could be changed. (3 marks)

Answer 14

1. Change thoughts/beliefs to affect behaviour;
2. Persuasive communication;
3. High status/role model/significant others/coach;
4. Cognitive dissonance.

Question 15

What is meant by the term attitude and how are attitudes formed? (4 marks)

Answer 15

1. Thoughts/cognitive;
2. Emotional response/feelings/affective;
3. Attitudes are not global but specific to the performer;
4. Producing behaviour;
5. To a specific object/situation;
6. Learned;
7. Significant others/parents/peers/role models.

Question 16

Discuss whether attitudes help predict behaviour. (3 marks)

Answer 16

1. Behaviour does not always follow thinking/feelings;
2. Other factors/conflicts/available time/social interactions affect
   behaviour;
3. Specific attitudes predict specific behaviours;
4. Best predictor of behaviour is behavioural intention;
5. Especially if situational factors are also favourable

Question 17

What is meant by the term attitude and how are attitudes formed and
discuss whether attitudes help predict behaviour.

Answer 17

ATTITIUDE

1. Thoughts/cognitive;
2. Emotional response/feelings/affective;
3. Attitudes are not global but specific to the performer;
4. Producing behaviour;
5. To a specific object/situation;
6. Learned;
7. Significant others/parents/peers/role models.

PREDICT BEHAVIOUR
1. Behaviour does not always follow thinking/feelings;
2. Other factors/conflicts/available time/social interactions affect
behaviour;
3. Specific attitudes predict specific behaviours;
4. Best predictor of behaviour is behavioural intention;
5. Especially if situational factors are also favourable.