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PE- Pyschology > Aspects Of Personality > Flashcards

Aspects Of Personality Flashcards

1
Q

1) Hollanders (1967) structure of personality- the 3 interrelated levels

A

1) Psychological Core
- ‘the real you’
- beliefs, values, attitudes and self worth
- relatively permanent

2) Typical Responses
- our usual response to a situation- a good indicator of the psychological core

3) Role- related Behaviours
- behaviour at a given time depending on the situation and perception at the time
- most changeable aspect of personality

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2
Q

2) Trait Theories

A
  • It represents the nature approach- this suggests we are born with inherited characteristics which causes is to react in a similar fashion each time
  • If this theory is correct predictions can be made
  • This would be useful for sporting performance as it would help identify who can deal with pressure
  • Leaders and Captains can be identified
  • At the elite level there are many traits that are revealed in a range of personalities
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3
Q

3) Eysencks Personality Dimensions- trait theory

A
  • Individuals posses stable traits based on 2 broad dimensions which are derived from biological factors

INTROVERTS

  • need less arousal and stimulation as their RAS is already stimulated and additional excitement will cause the individual to become over aroused
  • they are quiet, passive and unsociable

EXTROVERTS

  • need more arousal and stimulation as the RAS inhibits or dampens down info received via the sensory system
  • they are talkative, active and optimistic

STABLE

  • individuals tend to posses a fairly slow and less vigorous response to stressful situations
  • calm, reserved and careful

NEUROTIC

  • individuals have a rapid reaction to stressful situation- a person with these responses wouldn’t suit a high pressure environment
    • moody, touchy and anxious
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4
Q

4) Cattells Theory- 16 personality factors

A
  • He thought personality was based on stable traits but eysencks is too simplistic
  • He proposes 16 categories that give more accurate picture of characteristics and behaviour patterns
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5
Q

5) Evaluation Of Trait Theories

A
  • too simplistic
  • they do not account for changing personality overtime
  • they do not fully account for environmental and situational factors
  • they are not an accurate predictor of sporting success
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6
Q

6) Definition

A

Personality is the sum total of an individual’s characteristics which make him unique

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7
Q

7)Interactionist Theories

A
  • These propose that personality is a mixture of inherited traits and a persons current situation
  • Bowers first proposed this idea- they are a more dynamic approach and produce better validity due to the fact it explains how we alter our behaviour
  • They are a combination of the trait theory and the social learning theory
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8
Q

8) Measurement Of Personality (IT)

A
  • The two main forms of evidence are self report questionnaires and observations
  • Self report questionnaires such as EPI are used as:
      • data is easy to administer
      • collection is straight forward
      • large numbers can be accommodated
  • Many psychologists now use more sport specific test such as the SCAT test and the CSAI-2
  • Observations involved performers being recorded in specific situations over a period of time- personality profile can be constructed
    • this method is time consuming
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9
Q

9) Criticisms Of Self Report Questionannires (IT)

A
  • there validity may be questioned as there is no agreed definition
  • results may vary if repeated
  • responses may be varied based on mood, situation and attitude
  • participants may not fully understand the question
  • responses may be too limited - yes or no
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10
Q

10) Profile Of Mood States (POMs) (IT)

A
  • The personality of a performer can change from moment to moment but Morgan says they help identify a successful athlete
  • POMs was developed by six mood states
  • tension - vigour
  • depression - fatigue
  • anger - confusion
  • Morgan said to be successful vigour had to be high and depression and fatigue being low- Iceburg Profile
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11
Q

11) Personality and Sporting Performance (IT)

A
  • Some sociologists adopt the sceptical approach which questions the link between the two
  • Others believe the credulous approach which talks about the link between success and personality type
  • Some key factors have emerged:
  • no link between personality and sporting success
  • no link between personality and choice of sport
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12
Q

12) Theory Of Achievement Motivation (IT)

A
  • Mccelland and Atkinson suggest we all have 2 motives when placed in a situation where some form of evaluation takes place
  • The Motive To Succeed- sense of pride, confidence, optimism and see failure as learning xp
  • The Motive To Failure- worried, avoid 50/50s, give up easy and tempt to avoid humiliation
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13
Q

13) Achievement Goal Theory(IT)

A
  • This suggests that performers level of achievement motivation will differ depending in the reasons for his or her participation, the goals set and the relative meaning if these goals
  • The performer may set different types of achievement goals
    1) Outcome goal- judge individual and against others and the end result- efficiency is not relevant- motivation can be gained
    2) Task- orientated goal- performance judged on own standards rather than competitive comparisons
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14
Q

14)Development Of approach behaviour (IT)

A
  • The aim of the coach must develop performers who posses high achievement motivation with a high motive to succeed
  • Strategies that can be used:
    1) providing positive childhood cup
    2) reducing punishment
    3) gradually increasing the task difficulty
    4) catering for all abilities
    5) considering cultural differences
    6) increasing task difficulty
    7) providing advice for significant others
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15
Q

How can knowledge of the interactionist theory of personality help a coach to improve the
performance of an individual player?
(4 marks)

A

1) (Explanation of Interactionist Theory) – mixture of personality traits and the situation/trait theory and social learning theory

2) Behaviour can alter in different situations

3) (Lewin) – Behaviour = function(Personality x Environment) /
B=f(PE)

4) Psychological core/inner core is fairly permanent beliefs and values

5) Typical response/middle layer is usual behaviour in a given
situation

6) Role-relatedbehaviour/specificbehaviourinacertainsituation
Application of theory

7) Theories suggest performers can be taught to alter their behaviour and improve performance/teach performer to act in certain ways in specific circumstances/learn how to respond to a specific situation

8) Coach identifies aspects of personality or behaviour to be changed

9) Creates situations or experiences to cause a change of behaviour/
eg teach aggressive player to be assertive/introvert performer not to
become over-aroused in front of a crowd
10) Coach identifies a suitable situation to avoid specific aspects of
personality being displayed, eg move position to avoid aggressive behaviour

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16
Q

Discuss the suggestion that personality questionnaire can be an effective predictor of performance.
(4 marks)

A

– Named personality test – EPI, (Cattell) 16PF, SCAT, STA1, POMS, Achievement Motivation (Nach & Naf questionnaires)

Agree
– Credulous approach

– Personality traits linked to specific types of sports/characteristics of
elite performance, eg calm under pressure/not aggressive/equiv

– Used as part of talent identification programmes

– Iceberg profile (Profile of mood states)

– Linked into high levels of vigour

Disagree
– Sceptical approach

– No clear link between success/choice of sport and personality type

– Research often contradicts each other

– Personality can change due to situation

Conclusion
– Neither approach has proved conclusive/no clear evidence to make accurate predictions.

17
Q

Explain the trait theory of personality (3 marks)

A

1) inherited
2) enduring/ stable
3) consistent/same behaviour all the time
4) Eyesnck and introvertism

18
Q

Discuss the suggestion that Morgan’s Profile of Mood States is an effective method of identifying potential elite performers.
[4 marks]

A

Agree
– Mood states are temporary/change depending on the situation/ unstable

    • More accurate than traits/stable traits
    • Successful performers display iceberg profile
    • Successful performers have higher levels of vigour/anger

Disagree
– Some elite performers do not have this profile

    • Some non-elite athletes display the profile
    • Elite performers may develop positive mood states as a result of
      success/do not display required mood states before becoming successful
19
Q

What do you understand by the term profile of mood states? (3 marks)

A

1) a graph to indicate the general mood states of a performer
2) six measures
3) tension/depression/anger/vigour/fatigue/confusion
4) iceburg profile
5) performers have high levels of vigour and lower levels of other measures
6) some elite athletes do not have this profile either

20
Q

Explain how ‘approach behaviour’ can be developed within the team. (4 marks)

A

A. Positive experiences/give success/avoid negative feelings

B. Gradually increase task difficulty

C. Goal setting

D. Use positive feedback and praise/support from significant others

E. Reduce punishment

F. Encourage risk taking

G. Use attributions correctly

H. Develop high levels of self-efficacy/avoid learned helplessness

21
Q

Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour
occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain
aggression in sport? (2 marks)

A
  1. Instinct/drive to be aggressive/build up;
  2. Shown as release of aggressive tendencies through sport;
  3. Catharsis;
22
Q

Explain how trait anxiety affects a performer. (3 marks)

A
  1. Tendency to become anxious in most situations;
  2. Affects state anxiety/Higher competitive state anxiety
  3. Competition seen as threatening/higher (evaluation) apprehension;
  4. Increased cognitive/somatic anxiety
  5. Fear of failure/worries about performance/making mistakes/loss of
    concentration/nervous/HR/sweaty palms/butterflies/nausea/worries about
    performance;
  6. Increases arousal;
    Arousal can have a positive or negative effect on performance;
23
Q

Many sporting competitions are now decided by ‘penalty shoot-outs’. In these
situations, some performers readily accept responsibility while others prefer not to be
involved.

Explain these observations in terms of achievement motivation. (6 marks)

A
  1. Depends on incentive value probability of success;
  2. Depends on personality traits/Nach and Naf types;
  3. Nach likely to take (penalty)/Naf decline/accepts responsibility;
  4. Nach . seek out challenges/takes risks/likes competition/50:50;
  5. Enjoy evaluative situations/show that they can do it;
  6. Not afraid of failure;
  7. Approach behaviours;
  8. Task persistence/seeks feedback;
  9. Naf . preoccupied with failure/fear of failure/avoids challenges/competition;
  10. Dislike evaluative situations;
  11. Likely to perform worse;
  12. Avoidance behaviours/avoids challenges/avoids 50:50 situations.
24
Q

One aspect of personality is achievement motivation. What are the characteristics
of an individual with a motive to achieve success? (4 marks)

A
  1. Seek out challenging situations;
  2. Concerned with high standards of performance;
  3. Task persistence;
  4. Approach behaviours;
  5. Enjoy evaluative situations;
  6. Not afraid of failure;
  7. Value feedback from others/coach;
  8. Attribute performance to internal factors/effort/ability.
25
Q

Research has shown that the profile for POMS differs between elite and non-elite
performers. Describe these differences. (3 marks)

A
  1. Elite score higher on vigour/anger;
  2. No difference/lower on other scores for both elite and non elite;
  3. Iceberg profile;
  4. Iceberg profile does not guarantee an elite performer
26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires to provide psychological information? (4 marks)

A

Advantages

  1. High researcher: respondent ratio/lots of subjects at a time/quick/efficient;
  2. Cheap/cost effective;
  3. Numerical/objective measures achieved;
  4. Reliable.

Disadvantages

  1. Weak validity/non specific/too general/too simplistic for complex areas;
  2. Tendency to give expected answer/lie/respond with demand characteristics/biased
    questions;
  3. Difficult to self-assess;
  4. Ambiguous questions/misinterpretation.
27
Q

Explain the factors that contribute to a performer’s level of ‘achievement motivation’.
(3 marks)

A

A. Achievement motivation = desire to succeed – fear of failure

B. Interactionist approach/depends on the personality and the situation

C. (Personality) – either Need to Achieve (nAch) or Need to Avoid Failure (nAf)

D. (Situation) – probability of success

E. (Situation) – incentive value of success

28
Q

Achievement motivation is an aspect of personality. Which type of achievement
motivation is most likely to occur in elite performers? Justify your answer. (4 marks)

A
  1. Nach-type/need to achieve
  2. Seek out challenging situations/50:50 situations/take risks
  3. Concerned with high standards of performance
  4. Enjoy evaluative situations
  5. Not afraid of failure
  6. Value feedback from others/coach
  7. Attribute performance to internal factors/effort/ability
  8. Approach behaviour
  9. Task persistence
  10. High self efficacy/self confidence
29
Q

Explain Lewins equation?

A

B=f (pe)

B= behaviour  f= function   P=personality
e= environment

PE- Pyschology (9 decks)

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