Aggression

Question 1

Key features of aggressive act- Gill

Answer 1

1) it actually happening physically or verbally- thinking of hurting someone
2) physically or emotionally harms another person- smashing racket wouldn’t be classed as
3) it is intentional- accidental collision that causes injury isn’t aggressive

Question 2

Hostile and Channeled aggression

Answer 2

• sporting actions which have the characteristics can be classified as hostile aggression
• Channeled aggression- performers action actions are within the laws of the game and goal directed with intention to harm

Question 3

Assertive behaviour

Answer 3

• are not intended to cause injury
• are goal directed
• within the rules
• only use legit force

Question 4

Causes of aggression

Answer 4

1) nature of the sport- contact or non contact
2) rivalries between teams and players
3) importance of event and expectation for peers, coaches, managers and the media
4) nature of proximity of the crowd
5) frustration at own performance
6) poor officiating

Question 5

Theories of aggression- Instinct Theory

Answer 5

• nature approach, innate, evolutionary development- need to dominate, energy release and aggression displaced
• there are still those who are not aggressive

Question 6

Theories of aggression- Frustration

Answer 6

• aggression hypothesis- Interactionist approach- frustration will always lead to aggression
• it doesn’t always lead to aggression

Question 7

Theories of aggression- Cue Arousal Theory

Answer 7

• incorporates learning and arousal - frustration causes arousal to increase - only if socially acceptable
• very few elite sports find it socially acceptable

Question 8

Theories of aggression- Social Learning Theory

Answer 8

• nurture approach- rejects idea that aggression is innate- aggressive behaviour is learned through observation and copying- media coverage
• can learn not to be aggressive

Question 9

Aggression

Answer 9

• acts of aggression may be interpreted differently depending on the nature of the sport
• tennis player opponent- unacceptable
  VS
• boxer punching opponent- acceptable
• control aggression is vital

Question 10

How can coaches eliminate aggression?

Answer 10

1) praise non aggressive acts
2) highlight non aggressive role models
3) punish aggression
4) use peer pressure to remind them that aggression is unacceptable
5) set process and performance goals
6) gives responsibilities
7) take immediate action on aggressive acts

Question 11

How can coaches eliminate aggression?

Answer 11

1) praise non aggressive acts
2) highlight non aggressive role models
3) punish aggression
4) use peer pressure to remind them that aggression is unacceptable
5) set process and performance goals
6) gives responsibilities
7) take immediate action on aggressive acts

Question 12

Discuss the social learning theory (4 marks)

Answer 12

1) aggressive begins joyed are learned
2) non aggressive behaviours can be learned- through copying
3) observation of more high stays individuals
4) imitation more likely if the learner thinks behaviour will be reinforced
5) or thinks it will be punished

Question 13

What can a referee do to control aggression during a major sporting competition (3 marks)

Answer 13

1) pre warn players
2) apply rules properly
3) punish aggressive behaviour
4) immediate actions
5) consistent in judgements

Question 14

Explain the terms hostile and instrumental aggression (2 marks)

Answer 14

1) Hostile
- reactive/ solely to harm

2) Instrumental
- channeled/ means to a goal

Question 15

Explain how frustration may lead to aggression (4 marks)

Answer 15

1) performer tries to achieve goal
2) opposition tackle
3) build up of frustration- more likely to be aggressive
4) aggression reduces frustration

Question 16

How may a coach try and reduce the aggressive tendencies of one of their players (3 marks)

Answer 16

1) praise assertive behaviour
2) remove cues/ factors that cause aggression
3) remove aggressive player
4) introduce stress management techniques
5) cognitive techniques

Question 17

Teams games such as Rugby Union may involve physical contact which can lead to aggressive behaviour.

Use the frustration-aggression theory to explain why this happens (2 marks)

Answer 17

1) goals blocked
2) increases aggression
3) frustration leads to aggression
4) aggression is an immediate relief of frustration

Question 18

Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games such as rugby (2 marks)

Answer 18

1) social learning theory
2) learn to behave- to be assertive
3) aggression only if cues are present
4) arousal may be channeled

Question 19

How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport (2 marks)

Answer 19

1) instinct to be aggressive

2) shown as a release of aggressive tendencies through sport

Question 20

What are the similarities and differences between aggressive behaviour and assertive behaviour (3 marks)

Answer 20

Assertive

1) overt physical
2) rucking out
3) within laws of the game
4) no intent to harm

Aggressive

1) overt physical
2) punching below the belt
3) outside laws of the game
4) intent to harm

Question 21

Using your knowledge of appropriate theories, discuss the idea that playing contact sports may increase or reduce aggressive behaviour within the game situation (6 marks)

Answer 21

1) trait theory- born with
2) aggressive in all situations
3) possible aggression can be channeled through sport
4) catharsis- letting off steam
5) frustration leads to aggression
6) sport can increase aggression
7) social learning
8) imitation and reinforcement
9) instrumental aggression- especially when not punished
10) aggressive cue hypothesis- trigger response through previous negative experience

Question 22

Explain, using appropriate psychological theories, the possible causes of aggressive behaviour during sporting contests and suggest strategies that a coach could use to develop the assertive behaviour of a performer (14)

Answer 22

Theories of Aggression

A. Instinct (Theory)/Trait (Theory)
B. Aggression is innate/born with aggressive traits
C. Aggression builds up and has to be released
D. Displacement theory/individuals wait for acceptable time to be aggressive, eg sport
E. Cathartic effect/catharsis
F. Frustration-Aggression (Hypothesis/theory)
G. Blocked goal causes frustration
H. Frustration causes aggression
I. Release of aggression has cathartic effect/catharsis
J. Aggressive Cue (Hypothesis)/Cue Arousal (Theory)
K. Frustration builds but aggression only released when socially desirable cue present, eg referee can’t see you/coach encouragesyou to be aggressive
L. Social Learning (Theory)
M. Aggression in learnt by observing and copying others/Vicarious
experience
N. Reinforcement causes behaviour to be repeated/or appropriate
applied example

Strategies to develop assertive behaviour

O. Punish aggressive acts/fine player/drop for next match or equiv
P. Develop player’s code of conduct/promote fair play
Q. Remove from situation/change position/substitution/change tactics
R. Encourage peer support/group pressure
S. Give role of responsibility/set performance goals/process goals
T. Highlight non-aggressive/positive role models
U. Reduce importance of event/avoid ‘win at all cost’ attitude
V. Stress management techniques/accept named examples
W. Rewards/positive reinforcement for assertive play
X. Develop fitness levels

Question 23

Explain the terms hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Explain how frustration may lead to aggression and how might a coach try to reduce the aggressive tendencies of one of their players?

Answer 23

1. Hostile – reactive/solely to harm/planned/involves anger
2. Instrumental – channelled/means to a goal/no anger involved/use aggression
   to get result

FRUSTRATION - AGGRESSION

1. Performer tries to achieve goal
2. Opposition block/stop/tackle
3. Leads to frustration and possible aggression
4. Build up of frustration – more likelihood of aggression
5. Aggression reduces frustration/catharsis
6. (Berkowitz’s) aggressive cues – greater likelihood of aggression

STRATEGIES

1. Praise/reinforce assertive behaviour
2. Remove cues/factors causing aggression
3. Remove/penalise aggressive player
4. Teach stress management techniques to reduce arousal/relaxation
5. Teach cognitive techniques/imagery/self-talk
6. Encourage performance-related rather than outcome related goals
7. Stop encouraging/reinforcing aggressive behaviour