Attitude Instrument Flight

Question 1

Day 1 review

Answer 1

MEA - top number in the IFR lines, altitude for best radio reception and obstacle clearance

MOCA - bottom starred * number below MEA, avoid obstacles?

All charted directions are MAGNETIC - no declination calculations needed.

• | |- is a altitude change

All altitudes MSL

_
| Is a frequency change
-

Question 2

Tabs

Answer 2

IFR SUPPLEMENT: A-10, A-28,

Question 3

Attitude Instrument Flying

Answer 3

Control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references

**Proper instrument interpretation is the basis for helicopter control

Aircraft PERFORMANCE is achieved by controlling the aircraft ATTITUDE and POWER (smooth flight from takeoff to landing)

***Control instruments - Attitude indicator and torque indicator are immediate attitude and power indicators and allow for precision

**Performance instruments - airspeed, altimeter, vertical speed and turn/slip indicators

**Navigational instruments - RMI (points to Nav aid), Heading indicator (HSI)

• • Pitch instruments - airspeed, attitude, altimeter, VSI indicators
• • Bank instruments - attitude, heading, turn/slip indicators
• • Power instruments - airspeed, torque indicators

Primary - provide most pertinent and essential info
Secondary - back up and supplement primary instruments

THREE FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS (cia)

• Cross-check
• Instrument interpretation
• Aircraft control

CROSS HECK ERRORS (foe)

• Fixation
• Omission
• Emphasis

S

Question 4

Straight and level flight

Answer 4

Maintain desired altitude, heading, airspeed, trim

Pitch movements control inputs

Bank to control heading

Power to maintain or adjust altitude

Question 5

Straight climbs and descents

Answer 5

Two types of climb/descent

• constant airspeed: reduce power and maintain altitude with cyclic, after obtaining desired airspeed, airspeed stays constant and helicopter will descend
• constant-rate: change of power to obtain desired rate climb or descent, attitude remains constant to maintain airspeed, small pitch adjustments used to maintain airspeed.

Two phases

• entry
• level off

Standard rate turn - 3* degrees per second

Question 6

Turns

Answer 6

Two types:
NORMAL:
Standard rate turn - 3 degrees per second
1/2 standard rate turn - 1.5 degrees per second

STEEP:
Anything greater than a standard degree turn

Formula
TAS divided by 1/2 or resultant = approximate bank angle

TWO WAYS WE TURN:
Predetermined heading- roll out begins before heading is reached, leading turn by 1/2 bank required for standard rate turn, the bank angle should never exceed the number of degrees to be turned

Timed Turn- can be used if heading indicators become inoperative, same cross-check applies, but substitute clock for the heading indicators

30 degree bank

• seldom necessary or advisable
• potentially can cause unusual attitude

Question 7

Unusual attitudes

Answer 7

Any maneuver. Not required for normal helicopter instrument flight

Causes: turbulence, disorientation, instrument failure, confusion, cockpit duties, carelessness in cross checking, error in instrument interpretation, lack of proficiency in aircraft control