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Cognitive Psychology > Attention (EXAM 1) > Flashcards

Attention (EXAM 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

Focusing on something

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2
Q

3 characteristics of attention

A
  1. Limited capacity
  2. flexible
  3. can be controlled
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3
Q

In attention, what does limited capacity mean?

A

Attention has limited capacity (you can only attend to so much at one time, as you try to juggle more, performance suffers)

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4
Q

In attention, what does flexible mean?

A

Environmental/Internal factors can easily shift attentional focus

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5
Q

In attention, what does controlled mean?

A

You can choose to direct your attention based on your interests, goals, expectations

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6
Q

Pre-Attentive Processing

A

Before you select/focus on information; Quick, relatively effortless; kind of like sensation

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7
Q

Subitizing

A

An example of pre-attentive processing (ex: quick, count a small # of objects 1,2,3)

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8
Q

True or false: All 3 models agree there is pre-attentive processing, they disagree on how much info is pre-attentive

A

True

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9
Q

What is the Dichotic Listening Task?

A
  1. (1) Participants wear headphones, (2) 2 messages are played, one in each ear, (3) participants told to shadow one message (repeat messages back out loud), (4) researcher wants to evaluate what participants remember from non-shadowed ear
  2. Different manipulations in the unattended/non-shadowed ear: (ex) change in voice, change in voice, language, message topic
  3. After the task is over, ask the participant what they remember hearing: Do they report anything from a non-shadowed ear?
  4. Outcomes: Successfully shadow attended ear/ignore unattended ear; can identify surface features of the unattended ear (ex: pitch, change in voice, etc.); cannot identify meaning on unattended ear
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10
Q

What are the 3 models of attention?

A

Broadbent, Treisman, Deutsch + Deutsch

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11
Q

Broadbents Model

A

Early selection, decide to process ONE input/stream of information for meaning

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12
Q

Broadbents Model: What is sensory register?

A

Sensory info enters your system and pre-attentive processing occurs

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13
Q

Broadbents Model: What is selective filter

A

Decide to process ONE stream of info for meaning, everything else blocked out

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14
Q

Broadbents Model: What is the detection device

A

Selected info is processed for meaning

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15
Q

Broadbents Model: What is short-term memory + response

A

Information goes into short-term memory, and you are then able to use/respond to that info you wanted to

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16
Q

What is Broadbents Model called?

A

Early selection model

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17
Q

What is the early selection model?

A

Decide to process ONE input/stream of information for meaning (all-or-nothing, on/off switch)

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18
Q

What is the problem with the early selection model?

A

Moray found participants could identify their name in the non-shadowed ear

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19
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Focusing on one thing, but attention can be captured by something else if particularly salient

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20
Q

What was Treisman’s model called?

A

Split-phrase outcome

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20
Q

Split phrase switching

A

Dichotic listening task where the two messages switch part way through to the other ear

21
Q

What was split-phrase outcome

A

Participants switch from repeating the shadowed side to the side they were supposed to be ignoring

22
Q

Why are the results of treisman’s research with split phrase switching a problem for broadbent’s model?

A

You shouldn’t be able to switch to the ignored side and finish the message unless you are processing that side for meaning

23
Q

Treisman’s attenuation model

A
  1. Starts out similar to broadbent, but different filter; other info isn’t completely blocked out
  2. Early slection model (select information before process meaning)
  3. Other info isn’t completely blocked out
  4. Starts out similar to broadbent BUT different filter (other info completely blocked out)
24
Q

How is treismans model different than broadbents

A
  1. Instead of an on/off switch, there’s a nozzle that you can adjust to change amount of information from each input
  2. but still has limited capacity
  3. rest of the model is same as broadbents
25
Q

How does Treisman’s attenuation model explain the cocktail party effect?

A

We can have a little bit of our attention on things besides our primary focus, allowing us to process things (like our name) for meaning

26
Q

How to Treisman’s attenuation model explain split-phrase switching?

A

We can have a little bit of attention on the ignored side, even though we are mainly focusing on shadowed side

27
Q

Deutsch + Deutsch Model

A
  1. Late selection
  2. Everything is processed for meaning
  3. You select information AFTER analyzing it all for meaning
  4. Only limited in the response part, we cannot respond to everything
28
Q

Subliminal Messages

A

Semantic processing without awareness (can have very small effects on behavior)

29
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice an obvious but unexpected object b/c focused on something else

30
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice changes in an existing objects/scene if focused on something else

31
Q

What information do we process for meaning in Broadbents model?

A

Information from the one input we select

32
Q

What information do we process for meaning in Treismans model?

A

Information from however many inputs we select (with the caveat that capacity is limited)

33
Q

What information do we process for meaning in Deusch model?

A

Everything

34
Q

Smallwood + Schoolers framework (2006): What was it?

A

(1) cognitive processing using resources. (2) resources are shared. (3) mind wandering + other cognitive processing are competing for use of the shared resources

35
Q

Mind wanderings

A

Thoughts about anything anything other than your primary task or goal (often called “talk-unrelated thought” -TUT-)

36
Q

Evidence for Smallwood + Schoolers

A

Some studies have found that people tend to mind wander less while doing a difficulty task and more during an easy task

37
Q

Evidence against smallwood + schoolers

A

(1) People vary in how big their pool of resources is. (2) based on S+S, we predict that individuals with greater resources should mind wanter more. (3) however, some studies have found that people with greater resources mind wander less

38
Q

Inhibition

A

The ability to ignore non-task relevant stimuli

39
Q

Stroop task (has to do with inhibition)

A

For each word, state the color of that word (ex: green, purple, blue)

40
Q

Can Broadbents model explain the cocktail party effect?

A

NO

41
Q

Can Broadbents model explain split-phrase?

A

NO

42
Q

Can Broadbents model explain subliminal messages

A

NO

43
Q

Can Broadbents model explain inattentional blindness

A

YES

44
Q

Can Treisman explain the cocktail party effect?

A

YES

45
Q

Can Treisman explain split-phrase?

A

YES

46
Q

Can Treisman explain submlimnal messages?

A

NO

47
Q

Can Treisman explain inattential blindness?

A

YES

48
Q

Can Deustch explain the cocktail party effect?

A

YES

49
Q

Can Deustch explain split-phrase?

A

YES

50
Q

Can Deustch explain submlimnal messages?

A

YES

51
Q

Can Deustch explain inattentional blindness?

A

NO

Cognitive Psychology (8 decks)

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